FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Dg
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Dg
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Dystroglycan
Annotation Symbol
CG18250
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0034072
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Dystroglycan (Dg) encodes a major non-integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor that connects the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. It regulates animal survival and temperature preference, muscle integrity, myotendinous and neuromuscular junction formation and function, nervous system development, axon pathfinding, rhabdomere differentiation, neuronal stem cell division and epithelial polarity. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

atu, atsugari, DmDG

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-77
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:16081176..16098564
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (34 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Dys; FB:FBgn0260003
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q0KI50
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q7YU29
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VDW3
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VDW6
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015919
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:2666
Biological Process (20 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (18 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:dock; FB:FBgn0010583
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in muscle attachment
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Pgk; FB:FBgn0250906
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
involved_in nerve development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
Cellular Component (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in sarcolemma
inferred from direct assay
located_in T-tubule
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:2666
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006644, InterPro:IPR015919
is_active_in sarcolemma
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002727160
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Dystroglycan (Dg) encodes a major non-integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor that connects the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. It regulates animal survival and temperature preference, muscle integrity, myotendinous and neuromuscular junction formation and function, nervous system development, axon pathfinding, rhabdomere differentiation, neuronal stem cell division and epithelial polarity. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
DYSTROPHIN GLYCOPROTEIN COMPLEX -
The Dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) is a plasma membrane transmembrane complex that links the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. The DGC is important for maintaining the integrity of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. It also functions as a scaffold for proteins involved in signaling and accumulates at the neuromuscular junction and at a variety of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous system. (Adapted from FBrf0212855 and FBrf0129834).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

transmembrane receptor for extracellular matrix molecules - required for cellular polarity in epithelial cells and the oocyte

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Dg for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A0A0C4DHF6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0087256
5247
997
FBtr0087257
4998
914
FBtr0087258
5793
1179
FBtr0306238
6533
1262
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0086394
110.8
997
6.05
FBpp0086395
102.6
914
6.32
FBpp0086396
129.6
1179
4.93
FBpp0297348
137.7
1262
4.86
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Dg using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.63

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

Additional Descriptive Data

Isoform-specific expression of Dg is observed in embryos. Dg-RC expression is observed in early embryos, in the epidermis, and weakly in the ventral nerve cord. Dg-RA expression is observed in a subset of tendon cells.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Dg is present at the membranes of all visceral myotubes, but concentrates at the edges of the visceral bands that completely extend over the midgut endoderm.

Dg protein is also expressed in three symmetric clusters on the lateral sides of the neuropil in thoracic segements of the larval ventral nerve cord.

An antibody specific to the Dg-PC isoform shows Dg protein present in cells posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. Staining is present before cells are positive for the neuronal marker 24B10 indicating that Dg expression precedes commitment to a neuronal fate. In additon to localization on photoreceptor cells, Dg expression is observed at the basal surface of the eye disc in the anterior region prior to and at the morphogenetic furrow. In early pupae (40% pupal development) Dg staining is found at the apical suface of neurons with less intense staining at the lateral surfaces of photoreceptor cells. Antibodies that recognize all Dg isoforms give similar results.

A longer isoform of the Dg protein (Dg-PC) is expressed between 2.5 and 20 hours of embryogenesis. A shorter form of the protein (predominantly Dg-PB) is produced after 6 hours of embryogenesis and is the predominant form in later stages. An antibody directed against the longer alternative exon detects Dg protein (reported to be Dg-PC) throughout embryogenesis. Expression is observed at the syncytial blastoderm stage in the plasma membrane. During cellularization, expression splits into two domains and is observed at the future apical cell membrane and basally in the furrow canal. During gastrulation, Dg-PC protein is concentrated at the apical side of cells that form the cephalic furrow, the amnioproctodeal invagination, and the ventral furrow. Weaker staining is observed at the basal side of the blastoderm embryo. At stages 9-10, protein is highly concentrated at the interface between ectoderm and mesoderm. After segregation of neuroblasts, expression is detected between the neuroblasts and the visceral mesoderm as well as weaker expression in the anterior and posterior midguts, the mesoderm, and the pole cells. Epidermal expression persists throughout embryogenesis. Dg-PC protein is also expressed in gonads, on axons of the CNS, and in a punctate pattern between the neuronal cell bodies of the ventral nerve cord that may represent cortex glia. Expression is also observed in the hindgut, in the gastric cecae, at the interface between visceral mesoderm and anterior midgut rudiment, in the PNS, in midgut constrictions, and in an unidentified group of segmentally repeating cells in the developing epidermis, close to the amnioserosa. Staining with antibodies directed agains Dg exon 8, the cytoplasmic domain, or the C-terminus give different staining results. Anti-exon-8 detects expression from around embryonic stage 5 while the C-term antibody detects expression from stage 14. The anti-cyto and C-term antibodies detect expression in the dorsal median cells. The anti C-term antibody was used to describe the expression of the shorter isofrom, Dg-PB. Expression of Dg-PB is first observed at embryonic stage 14 in the dorsal median cells. At stage 16, expression is observed in the pharynx, gastric cecae, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, and midgut constrictions. At stage 17, expression is found in the dorsal vessel, the cap cells of the chordotonal organs, and the gonads. Expression is observed in perineural cells that ensheath the peripheral nerves and the ventral nerve cord. The main Dg protein isoforms detected, Dg-PB and Dg-PC exhibit developmentally regulated and tissue-specific expression patterns. Both forms are expressed in some tissues including hindgut, midgut constrictions, gastric cecae, and gonads. Other tissues express one of the other (Dg-PC in blastoderm, visceral mesoderm, epidermis, tracheal pits and Dg-PB in dorsal vessel, chordotonal organs, dorsal median cells, and perineurial cells). In the nervous system, one isoform is found predominantly on axons while the other is on cells ensheathing the nervous system.

Dg protein is expressed in the adult eye, brain, and the developing larval brain and visual system, especially in optic lobes and photoreceptors. In the larval optic lobe, Dg protein is present both on photoreceptor axons in the optic stalk, lamina plexus and medulla neuropil, and in the repo‐expressing brain glial cells.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in sarcolemma
inferred from direct assay
located_in T-tubule
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Dg in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 23 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 30 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Dg
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Dg
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Gene disrupted in
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Dg. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
esyN Network Diagram
Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
Show/hide secondary interactors 
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
Select Layout:
Legend:
Protein
RNA
Selected Interactor(s)
Other Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
RNA-RNA
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
esyN Network Diagram
Show/hide secondary interactors 
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
esyN Network Key:
Suppression
Enhancement
Other Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2R
Recombination map
2-77
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
52E2-52E4
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(2)0507005070&P{EP}CG8414EP525 and P{EP}spinEP645&P{lacW}spink09905
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
52D2-52D15
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (15)
Genomic Clones (27)
cDNA Clones (91)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Dg does not have an essential role in apical-basal follicle cell polarity.

        Dg is not required for the apical-basal polarity of follicle cells under normal food conditions. It is required for the correct planar polarity of the basal actin stress fibres of the follicle cells under these conditions.

        Dg is required cell autonomously for cellular polarity in the epithelial cells (apicobasal polarity) and the oocyte (anteroposterior polarity). Dg is also required non-cell-autonomously to organise the planar polarity of basal actin in follicle cells.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        Source for identity of Dg CG18250 was sequence comparison ( date:001003 ).

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Dg CG18250

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 80 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          References (174)