FB2024_04 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\SCAR
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\SCAR
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
SCAR
Annotation Symbol
CG4636
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0041781
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
SCAR (SCAR) encodes a primary regulator of the Arp2/3 complex, which promotes actin polymerization and influences cell shape and motility. It is involved in myoblast fusion, eye morphogenesis and axogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

WAVE, l(2)k03107, dWAVE, SCAR/WAVE, l(2)k13811

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-44
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:10976772..10982395
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (32 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003124
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000307553
Biological Process (22 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (20 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in axonogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in myoblast fusion
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:WASp; FB:FBgn0024273
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Vrp1; FB:FBgn0243516
involved_in neuron migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in phagocytosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR028288
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000307553
traceable author statement
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
part_of SCAR complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Hem; FB:FBgn0011771
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoskeleton
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR028288
part_of SCAR complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000307554
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
SCAR (SCAR) encodes a primary regulator of the Arp2/3 complex, which promotes actin polymerization and influences cell shape and motility. It is involved in myoblast fusion, eye morphogenesis and axogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME PROTEINS -
The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Proteins (WASP) are a family of nucleation-promoting factors. WASP proteins share a conserved Arp2/3-complex-activating C-terminal VCA/WCA (verprolin/WASP, cofilin, acidic) domain. WASP members participate in cytoskeleton organization, notably through the stimulation of the actin-nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex. (Adapted from FBrf0230860 and FBrf0217509).
WAVE REGULATORY COMPLEX -
The WAVE Regulatory Complex (WRC) is a multi-subunit complex that controls actin cytoskeletal dynamics. WRC activates the Arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation. WRC contains the nucleation-promoting factor SCAR, a member of the WASP family. (Adapted from FBrf0208042 and FBrf0224564).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

promotes actin polymerization via Arp2/3 protein complex - Kette coordinates myoblast junction dissolution and the ratio of Scar-to-WASp during myoblast fusion

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
6

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\SCAR for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry F2FB81)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Stop-codon suppression (UGA) postulated; FBrf0216884.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0080148
2292
613
FBtr0305255
2815
641
FBtr0305256
2914
640
FBtr0329949
3118
674
FBtr0329950
2833
632
FBtr0340223
3037
647
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0079737
67.1
613
7.29
FBpp0293779
70.2
641
6.92
FBpp0293780
70.0
640
7.32
FBpp0302981
73.7
674
6.84
FBpp0302982
69.2
632
8.98
FBpp0309198
70.8
647
6.81
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\SCAR using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.89

Transcript Expression
expression microarray
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
cell

Comment: expression assayed in cultured S2 cells

Additional Descriptive Data

SCAR protein presents as a doublet on Western blots; one isoform may represent posttranslational modification.

SCAR protein is present in early blastoderm embryos where it colocalizes with filamentous actin structures. It is also expressed in the axons of the central nervous system in later embryos.

Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
part_of SCAR complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Hem; FB:FBgn0011771
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\SCAR in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 12 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 32 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of SCAR
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of SCAR
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
neuromuscular junction & synapse
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
12 of 14
No
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (8)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (9)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (5)
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
4 of 13
Yes
Yes
3 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:SCAR. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Other Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    RNA-RNA
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    Other Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-44
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    32C1-32C1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}dbf1 and P{lacW}SCARk03107
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    32C1-32C2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (18)
    Genomic Clones (20)
    cDNA Clones (164)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and latex beads compared to untreated cells.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells: reduced F-actin and altered cell shape. Kc167 cells show change from round to spindle-shaped, with the formation of F-actin puncta and microtubule extensions.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene is tested in an RNAi screen for effects on actin-based lamella formation.

        SCAR plays a major role in Arp66B dependent regulation of cell morphology.

        SCAR function is essential for cytoplasmic organization in the blastoderm, axon development in the central nervous system, egg chamber structure during oogenesis, and adult eye morphology.

        SCAR may be involved in embryonic central nervous system development.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: l(2)k03107 l(2)k13811

        Source for merge of: SCAR l(2)k03107

        Source for merge of: SCAR BEST:SD02991

        Source for merge of: SCAR CG4636

        Additional comments

        Source for merge of SCAR CG4636 was sequence comparison ( date:000607 ).

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        BEST:SD02991
        SCAR
        (Cazzagon et al., 2023, Hui et al., 2023, Adashev et al., 2022, Hendricks et al., 2022, Malin et al., 2022, Parkhurst, 2022.8.29, Badmos et al., 2021, Dobramysl et al., 2021, Ramond et al., 2020, Reis et al., 2020, Blake-Hedges and Megraw, 2019, Cloud et al., 2019, Dialynas et al., 2019, Gao et al., 2019, Kim et al., 2019, Trylinski and Schweisguth, 2019, Levis, 2018.8.30, Tsai et al., 2018, Xing et al., 2018, Barlan et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Katti et al., 2017, Qu et al., 2017, Taylor et al., 2017, Martin, 2016, Aradska et al., 2015, Deng et al., 2015, Eikenes et al., 2015, Flores-Benitez and Knust, 2015, Fuwa et al., 2015, Rodal et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Haralalka et al., 2014, Rudrapatna et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2013, Fukuyama et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Law et al., 2013, Yan et al., 2013, Bridon et al., 2012, Humphreys et al., 2012, Murray et al., 2012, Peltan et al., 2012, Reed et al., 2012, Rodriguez-Mesa et al., 2012, Sarpal et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Galy et al., 2011, Jungreis et al., 2011, Mukherjee et al., 2011, Rohn et al., 2011, Ulvila et al., 2011, Zhu and Bhat, 2011, Zhu and Bhat, 2011, Cohen et al., 2010, Georgiou and Baum, 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Picone et al., 2010, Serio et al., 2010, Gildor et al., 2009, Hilger et al., 2009, Robine et al., 2009, Chang et al., 2008, Johnson et al., 2008, Richardson and Baylies, 2008, Schäfer et al., 2008, Bakal et al., 2007, Bakal et al., 2007, Qurashi et al., 2007, Qurashi et al., 2007, Richardson et al., 2007, Riparbelli et al., 2007, Stuart et al., 2007, Hollien and Weissman, 2006, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Biyasheva et al., 2004)
        WAVE/SCAR
        Name Synonyms
        SCAR
        Suppressor of cyclic AMP receptor
        WASP family verprolin-homologous protein
        suppressor of cAMP receptors
        suppressor of cAR
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0021868
        • FBgn0022228
        • FBgn0032324
        • FBgn0046233
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 69 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (248)