FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\per[s]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\per^s

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0013656

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\per

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

per^short

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

hypermorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

hypermorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Kyriacou, 1990)

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Amino acid replacement: S589N.

(Huang et al., 1995, Baylies et al., 1992, Colot et al., 1988)

Amino acid replacement: S589N. Nucleotide substitution: G?A.

(Yu et al., 1987)

Nucleotide substitution: G?A. Amino acid replacement: S589N. Mutation is in exon 5.

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

X:2,690,196..2,690,196 [+]

Nucleotide change:

G2690196A

Amino acid change:

S589N | per-PA; S589N | per-PB

Reported amino acid change:

S589N

Comment:

Site of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase based on reported amino acid change.

(Yu et al., 1987)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Interaction

References

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal behavior

(Andretic et al., 1999, Zeng et al., 1996, Yu et al., 1987)

abnormal behavior | semidominant

(Kyriacou, 1990)

abnormal circadian rhythm

(Stanewsky et al., 1998, Marrus et al., 1996, Power et al., 1994, Sawin et al., 1994, Greenacre et al., 1993, Hamblen-Coyle et al., 1992, Gailey et al., 1991)

abnormal circadian rhythm | adult stage

(Kula-Eversole et al., 2021)

abnormal courtship behavior

(Bernstein et al., 1992)

abnormal courtship behavior | male

(Greenacre et al., 1993)

abnormal locomotor rhythm

(Zhang and Emery, 2013, Sun et al., 2010, Kadener et al., 2008, Ko et al., 2007, Lin et al., 2002, Rutila et al., 1998)

abnormal locomotor rhythm | adult stage

(Lamaze et al., 2018, Seki and Tanimura, 2014)

abnormal locomotor rhythm | recessive

(Kaneko et al., 2000)

abnormal memory | recessive

(Sakai et al., 2004)

Phenotype Manifest In

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

per^s mutant adults have their longest daytime sleep bout significantly earlier than controls.

(Lamaze et al., 2018)

per^s mutant adults a distinct ultradian rhythmicity in walking activity under constant light conditions, which however is not significantly different from that exhibited by wild-type flies. per^s flies do not show ultradian rhythmicity in walking under constant dark conditions.

(Seki and Tanimura, 2014)

The phase of the evening peak of locomotor activity is advanced compared to wild type under 12 hour light/12 hour dark conditions.

(Zhang and Emery, 2013)

Mutant flies have locomotor activity rhythms with 19.7 hour periods (shorter than wild type) when the free running period is determined in constant darkness conditions at 25[o]C after 4 days of 12 hour light: 12 hour dark conditions.

(Sun et al., 2010)

Mutant flies have a shorter circadian locomotor activity period than control flies.

(Kadener et al., 2008)

Under constant darkness conditions at 25[o]C, flies show rhythmic locomotor activity, but the period is shorter than the wild-type period length (19.2 +/- 0.1 hours compared to 24.0 +/- 0.1 hours respectively).

The evening peak of activity occurs earlier than normal in mutant flies under 12 hour light: 12 hour dark conditions.

(Ko et al., 2007)

Unlike wild-type males, per^s homozygous males that have undergone courtship conditioning (kept in the presence of a female for 7 hours) do not spend significantly less time engaged in courtship behaviour when placed with a female 5 days after conditioning than non-conditioned males of the same genotype.

(Sakai et al., 2004)

Mutant flies have a circadian locomotor activity period of 18.9 +/- 0.1 hours (compared to 23.6 +/- 0.1 hours for wild-type flies).

(Lin et al., 2002)

Light pulse phase response curves for per^s are similar to those of dco^S and substantially different from the wild-type phase response curves.

(Bao et al., 2001)

per^s flies entrain normally at 28^oC under an light-dark (LD) 10:10 regime.

(Rosato et al., 2001)

per^s; cry^b flies show a 19.2 +/- 0.6 hour period in intense constant light.

(Emery et al., 2000)

For wild-type, approximately 80% of the flies tested appear strongly rhythmic in light-pulse experiments, compared to approximately 50% of the per^s mutants. The most frequently observed period values (the plurality categories) are 24 to 24.5 h for wild-type and 18.5 to 19 h for per^s.

The effect of light pulse is different in wild-type and per^s. An average phase delay of 5.9 h (with reference to the free running periods) is observed in wild-type, whereas the opposite kind of behavioural shift - a phase advance of approximately 4 h - is detected for per^s mutants ( a 3.1 h advance in real time). These values are significantly different for those of non-pulsed controls for both wild-type and per^s mutant flies.

(Kaneko et al., 2000)

per^s mutants show increased responsiveness to initial cocaine 75μg exposure, and weak sensitization (as compared to wild-type) to a second exposure when tested for behavioural responses. These flies do not show sensitization to other cocaine doses.

(Andretic et al., 1999)

The period of the interpulse interval (IPI) of the male courtship song is 45.9 seconds (wild-type value is 67.9 seconds).

(Alt et al., 1998)

Mean courtship bout duration in per^s males is not significantly different from that of wild-type males.

(Roche et al., 1998)

The period of locomotor activity under constant darkness conditions is 19.3 +/- 0.1 hours (shorter than wild-type flies).

(Rutila et al., 1998)

At 25^oC, homozygous flies show clear bimodal locomotor activity rhythms peaking around lights-on and before lights-off, with the activity being concentrated in the light phase, under 12 hour light:12 hour dark conditions. At 30^oC, daytime activity tends to decrease and night time activity increases. These patterns of activity are similar to wild-type flies. Flies show clear freerunning locomotor activity rhythms under constant darkness. The freerunning period increases significantly with decreased temperature, in contrast to wild-type flies which show little change in freerunning period with increased temperature. Locomotor rhythms can be entrained to temperature cycles under constant lighting conditions, but the entrainability is reduced compared to wild-type flies.

(Tomioka et al., 1998)

Endogenous period is 19 hours instead of the wild type 24 hours. Flies are very light sensitive, could be the reason why flies can entrain well to 24 hour LD cycles.

(Marrus et al., 1996)

Circadian period is 19 hours, tim^SL can lengthen the period by an hour.

(Rutila et al., 1996)

Shorted circadian rhythms.

(Zeng et al., 1996)

Free running periods of 19 hours.

(Curtin et al., 1995)

Mutation has no effect on larval heartbeat.

(Dowse et al., 1995)

Exposing flies reared in constant darkness (DD) to light as embryos or larvae has no effect on circadian rhythm. Exposing adults fully restores normal circadian rhythms.

(Power et al., 1994)

Mutants have a shortened active phase (α). Phase response curves (PRCs) change from a low amplitude, Type 1 to a high amplitude, Type 0 with increased duration of the light pulse. Mutants have increase light 'sensitivity'. The shortening of circadian period is a consequence of changes in the time course of the oscillation in the late subjective day.

(Saunders et al., 1994)

No larvae exhibit appreciable diel rhythms under cycling conditions of light or temperature. Larvae are also not rhythmic under free-running conditions.

(Sawin et al., 1994)

Mutants display short circadian rhythm and males produce short song rhythms. This genetic coupling found in males does not extend to females, females have a preference for wild type courtship song over the mutant short song rhythm.

(Greenacre et al., 1993)

Short cycle duration, the evening peak of activity is shifted to an earlier time than wild type.

(Hamblen-Coyle et al., 1992)

Evening activity peak is shifted to an earlier time in light-dark regimes.

(Hardin et al., 1992)

Measures of acquisition at intermediate and maximum levels and of 30 min memory retention are normal. Mean Courtship Index (CI) for males exposed to fertilised females for 30 mins shows a significant decrease in response to virgin females, but does not differ significantly when flies are exposed to other fertilised females. After 30 mins exposure of an immature male to another immature male a significantly suppressed response to another immature male is observed.

(Gailey et al., 1991)

The activity rhythm period of per^s/Y flies is lengthened by CkIIβ^And, by 1.0 hours.

(Konopka et al., 1991)

Pupal and larval stages are less pronounced. Circadian rhythm runs 5 hours faster than wild type. In conditions of cycling light (12h light and 12h darkness) the pacemaker can be reset to exhibit 24h rhythmicity, but the 'evening peaks' of locomotor activity are in the daytime, not in the evening.

(Hall, 1990)

Spectral analysis of tone pulse production demonstrated that per^s male courtship song is strongly rhythmic.

(Kyriacou et al., 1990)

per^s eggs hatch significantly faster than wild-type. Larvae develop faster than wild-type larvae under constant very bright light or under 12 hour light:12 hour dark conditions. per^s flies eclose significantly faster than wild-type flies.

(Kyriacou et al., 1990)

Flies can be entrained to a 24 hour cycle of light and dark (Konopka, Ph.D. Thesis, Pasadena). The effect on circadian behaviour is matched by the effect on the song cycle, a short 40 sec lovesong cycle (Kyriacou and Hall, Anim. Behav. 37: 850). Flies develop faster than wild type under a variety of environmental conditions when the circadian behaviour is arrhythmic (Kyriacou, Heredity, in press). Males do not show defective courtship conditioning (Jackson, J. Comp. Phys. A 151: 545). Transplantation of donor per^s brains into per⁰¹ abdomens causes some per⁰¹ hosts to take on the donors locomotor activity characteristics (Handler, Nature 279: 236). A possible neurohumoral mediation of circadian rhythms may be involved in switching on per^s rhythm in the host, certain neurosecretory cells in the brain are abnormal (Konopka, J. Neurobiol 11: 411).

(Kyriacou, 1990)

The average period of locomotor activity rhythm increases slightly with decreasing temperature. The period increases by about 0.6 hours when per^s flies are transferred to constant infrared light after 10 days of constant light. The light intensity threshold for maximum lengthening of the period and production of arrhythmia is decreased compared to wild-type.

(Konopka et al., 1989)

Normal song pulses and hums.

(Wheeler et al., 1989)

Mutants show reduced activity of Tdc gene product.

(Livingstone and Tempel, 1983)

circadian rhythms; short period Adults stain normally with anti-PER antibody (Siwicki, Eastman, Petersen, Rosbasch and Hall, 1988)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm | adult stage phenotype, enhanceable by Df(2L)BSC278/PRL-1^LL07771

(Kula-Eversole et al., 2021)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm | adult stage phenotype, non-enhanceable by PRL-1^LL07771/PRL-1[+]

(Kula-Eversole et al., 2021)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Df(2L)BSC278/PRL-1^LL07771

(Kula-Eversole et al., 2021)

per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm phenotype, suppressible by tim^UL

(Rothenfluh et al., 2000)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by PRL-1^LL07771/PRL-1[+]

(Kula-Eversole et al., 2021)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

per^s is a suppressor | partially of abnormal locomotor rhythm phenotype of dco^EY02910

(Zheng et al., 2014)

per^s is a suppressor | partially of abnormal circadian rhythm phenotype of dco^j3B9/dco^ar

(Rothenfluh et al., 2000)

per^s is a suppressor of abnormal circadian rhythm phenotype of tim^UL

(Rothenfluh et al., 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

cry^b, per^s has abnormal locomotor rhythm phenotype

(Rosato et al., 2001)

cry^b, per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm phenotype

(Rosato et al., 2001, Stanewsky et al., 1998)

cry^b, per^s has abnormal circadian rhythm | recessive phenotype

(Stanewsky et al., 1998)

Phenotype Manifest In

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

per^s has phenotype, non-enhanceable by tim^rit

(Matsumoto et al., 1999)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

per^s has phenotype, non-suppressible by tim^rit

(Matsumoto et al., 1999)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

per^s is a non-enhancer of phenotype of tim^rit

(Matsumoto et al., 1999)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

per^s is a non-suppressor of phenotype of tim^rit

(Matsumoto et al., 1999)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Presence of per^s does not rescue arrhythmicity of dco^EY02910 flies but shortens the period of weakly rhythmic dco^EY02910 flies.

(Zheng et al., 2014)

per^s ; CkIIα^Tik/+ flies have a circadian locomotor activity period of 20.4 +/- 0.1 hours (compared to 23.6 +/- 0.1 hours for wild-type flies).

(Lin et al., 2002)

In light-dark (LD) conditions per^s,cry^b double mutant flies show a temperature dependant defect in locomotor activity cycles. At 18^oC all flies show a periodic component of about 24 hours (as seen in wild-type) but about 60% of them also display a minor 19 hour component. At 28^oC 79% of the rhythmic flies display the endogenous 19 hour period as the main rhythmic component. When per^s,cry^b double mutant flies are entrained under an light-dark (LD) 10:10 regime - the entrainment breaks down very rapidly during the first two cycles of the new light/dark regime, with their daytime activity advancing by about 90 minutes in each successive day.

(Rosato et al., 2001)

The addition of per^s to dco^j3B9/dco^ar flies suppresses the arrhythmicity phenotype seen in these flies.

(Rothenfluh et al., 2000)

per^s;tim^UL flies show circadian period lengths close to that of wild-type.

(Rothenfluh et al., 2000)

per^s, tim^rit double mutants show a period length that represents the additive effect of the two single mutants.

(Matsumoto et al., 1999)

Double mutant per^s, cry^b flies have complex behavior under LD conditions. The double mutant shows both entrained and free running behavioral components. The double mutants are active at different times essentially every day, so their average activity plot shows a monotonic decrease in behavior throughout the daytime, whereas singly mutant per^s flies exhibit a pronounced midday peak of activity.

(Stanewsky et al., 1998)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Fails to complement

per^SLIH

(Hamblen et al., 1998)

Comments

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Bloomington

80919

y¹ per^s w^*; sna^Sco/CyO

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Konopka, Benzer.

Comments

Short cycle period.

(Chen et al., 1992)

per nuclear translocation in pacemaker neurons is unaltered compared to wild type.

(Curtin et al., 1995)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (5)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

per^S

(Elya et al., 2023, Johnstone et al., 2022, Tang et al., 2022, Kula-Eversole et al., 2021, Singh et al., 2019, Fropf et al., 2018, Lamaze et al., 2018, Jang et al., 2015, Means et al., 2015, Guo et al., 2014, Zheng et al., 2014, Li and Rosbash, 2013, Zhang and Emery, 2013, Tanenhaus et al., 2012, Sun et al., 2010, Ko et al., 2007, Sakai et al., 2004, Stanewsky, 2003, Levine et al., 2002, Panda et al., 2002, Stanewsky, 2002, Bao et al., 2001, Rosato et al., 2001, Kaneko et al., 2000, Rothenfluh et al., 2000, Rothenfluh et al., 2000, Andretic et al., 1999, Blumenthal and Block, 1999, Kaneko, 1998, Rutila et al., 1998, Stanewsky et al., 1998, Tomioka et al., 1998, Plautz et al., 1997, Rosato et al., 1997, Rosato et al., 1997, Rouyer et al., 1997, Sakamoto et al., 1997, Tomioka et al., 1997, Marrus et al., 1996, Rosbash et al., 1996, Rutila et al., 1996, Zeng et al., 1996, Dowse et al., 1995, Hall, 1995, Huang et al., 1995, Myers et al., 1995, Rutila et al., 1995, Zeng and Rosbash, 1995, Konopka et al., 1994, Matsumoto et al., 1994, Power et al., 1994, Saunders et al., 1994, Takahashi, 1993, Hardin et al., 1992, Takahashi, 1992, Konopka et al., 1991, Hall, 1990, Hardin et al., 1990, Zerr et al., 1990, Colot et al., 1988)

per^Short

(Stanewsky, 2003, Kaneko et al., 2000)

per^s

(Song et al., 2021, Seki and Tanimura, 2014, Kadener et al., 2008, Kivimäe et al., 2008)

per^short

(Livingstone and Tempel, 1983)

perS

(Lee et al., 1997)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (126)

Report Sections

Open Close