FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\sty
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\sty
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
sprouty
Annotation Symbol
CG1921
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0014388
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Inhibitor of tracheal branching that restricts branch budding by antagonizing the BNL-FGF pathway (BNL: branchless, an fgf inducer of branching). Acts as an antagonist of EGFR-mediated signaling in the eye (where it is important for cell determination) midline glia, chordotonal organs, wing and ovarian follicle cells. (UniProt, O44783)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

spry, Sry

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-8
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:3401153..3424935
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (24 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (19 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (16 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000961788
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007875
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the sprouty family. (O44783)
Summaries
Pathway (FlyBase)
Negative Regulators of Torso Signaling Pathway -
Negative regulators of Torso signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl).
Negative Regulators of EGFR Signaling Pathway -
Negative regulators of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl) or acting on downstream effectors.
Negative Regulators of FGFR Signaling Pathway -
Negative regulators of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl) or acting on other effectors.
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Inhibitor of tracheal branching that restricts branch budding by antagonizing the BNL-FGF pathway (BNL: branchless, an fgf inducer of branching). Acts as an antagonist of EGFR-mediated signaling in the eye (where it is important for cell determination) midline glia, chordotonal organs, wing and ovarian follicle cells.
(UniProt, O44783)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

membrane associated or secreted antagonist of FGF signaling - functions during tracheal development - mutant follicle-cell clones demonstrates an essential role for Sprouty in restricting Egfr activation throughout oogenesis

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\sty for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry O44783)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0073146
3264
589
FBtr0073145
4280
589
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.2, 2.8, 1.7 (longest cDNA)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0073005
62.4
589
8.37
FBpp0073004
62.4
589
8.37
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

589 aa isoforms: sty-PB, sty-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

591 (aa); 63 (kD predicted)

Comments

sty protein is a putative secreted protein with a conserved cysteine-rich motif.

External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with DRK and RasGAP1 proteins of the Ras pathway.

(UniProt, O44783)
Domain

The Cys-rich domain is responsible for the localization of the protein to the plasma membrane.

(UniProt, O44783)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\sty using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.43

Transcript Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference

Comment: reference states 5-22 hr AEL

single cell RNA-seq
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{lacW}s2683
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{PZ}eIF5B09143
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
antennal disc | restricted

Comment: reference states 16 hr APF

High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\sty in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 27 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of sty
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of sty
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
10 of 14
No
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
8 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
6 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
8 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:sty. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    Other Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    suppressible
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Interacts with DRK and RasGAP1 proteins of the Ras pathway.
    (UniProt, O44783 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Negative Regulators of Torso Signaling Pathway -
    Negative regulators of Torso signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl).
    Negative Regulators of EGFR Signaling Pathway -
    Negative regulators of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl) or acting on downstream effectors.
    Negative Regulators of FGFR Signaling Pathway -
    Negative regulators of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor signaling down-regulate the pathway, suppressing the activation of ERK kinase (rl) or acting on other effectors.
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-8
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    63D2-63D3
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}kst01318 and P{PZ}Sc205634
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    63D1-63D2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (16)
    Genomic Clones (22)
    cDNA Clones (195)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        sty is an inhibitor of Ras pathway signal transduction. It is a potent inhibitor of Egfr signaling in the eye, where it is important for cell determination.

        sty acts as an antagonist of EGF as well as FGF signalling pathways.

        Loss of sty in the eye imaginal discs results in transformations of cone cell to R7 and mystery cells to outer photoreceptors. Loss of sty in the embryonic chordotonal organ precursors and embryonic midline glia results in supernumerary neurons, or supernumerary glia, respectively. Overexpression results in phenotypes that resemble loss of function Egfr phenotypes.

        The sty gene product acts as a general inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinase activity, inhibiting htl and Egfr signalling as well as btl signalling.

        sty acts nonautonomously in the tracheal tip cells to inhibit induction of nearby stalk cells.

        sty mutations cause ectopic branches to form on the stalks of primary branches in the tracheal system.

        In sty mutants twice the wild type number of terminal branches form. These arise from a doubling in the number of terminal cells, these extra terminal cells arise from a fate transformation of neighbouring tracheal cells.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: sty CG1921

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 47 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
          References (220)