FB2024_02 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Parp1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Parp1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
Annotation Symbol
CG40411
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010247
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase (2.4.2.30)
Gene Summary
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (Parp1) encodes a nuclear enzyme associated with chromatin. It modifies acceptor proteins through assembly of poly(ADP-ribose) polymers. The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway regulates many nuclear functions, including DNA-repair, chromatin structure, and transcription initiation, as well as pre-mRNA fate via alternative splicing and translation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

PARP, PARP-1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase, dParp1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47.1
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:3461351..3587054
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (30 terms)
Molecular Function (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His2A; FB:FBgn0001196
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His2B; FB:FBgn0001198
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His3; FB:FBgn0001199
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:His4; FB:FBgn0001200
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (14 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (12 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from expression pattern
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002235215
traceable author statement
Cellular Component (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Cajal body
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
located_in chromosome
inferred from direct assay
part_of euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleolus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in site of DNA damage
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleolus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002235215
located_in nucleolus
traceable author statement
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008288
traceable author statement
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the ARTD/PARP family. (P35875)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
NAD(+) + (ADP-D-ribosyl)n-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D- ribosyl)n+1-acceptor + H(+) (2.4.2.30)
NAD+-protein-serine ADP-ribosyltransferase activity
RHEA 58232:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (Parp1) encodes a nuclear enzyme associated with chromatin. It modifies acceptor proteins through assembly of poly(ADP-ribose) polymers. The poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating pathway regulates many nuclear functions, including DNA-repair, chromatin structure, and transcription initiation, as well as pre-mRNA fate via alternative splicing and translation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASES -
ADP-ribosyltransferases catalyze the addition of single or multiple ADP-ribose moieties from NAD+ donor to the substrates forming mono ADP-ribosylation or poly ADP-ribosylation. (Adapted from PMID:25938242).
Pathway (FlyBase)
Positive Regulators of Imd Signaling Pathway -
Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair (PubMed:17827147). Mediates glutamate, aspartate or serine ADP-ribosylation of proteins: the ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of target residues and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units (By similarity). Mainly mediates glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins in absence of CG1218/HPF1 (By similarity). Following interaction with CG1218/HPF1, catalyzes serine ADP-ribosylation of target proteins; CG1218/HPF1 conferring serine specificity by completing the Parp active site (By similarity).
(UniProt, P35875)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

enzyme that attaches ADP-ribose moiety to histone - promotes chromatin silencing by regulating the localization and function of SIR2

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Parp1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P35875)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.54

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.40

Gene model reviewed during 6.01

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0113885
3112
994
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0112608
113.8
994
8.76
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

994 (aa); 113 (kD)

Comments

A smaller Parp1 protein which is generated from an alternatively spliced mRNA lacks the auto-modification domain.

Authors postulate that the Parp1 protein is inactive as a monomer. Parp1 protein may dimerize through the leucine repeats to make the active form or may form heterodimers with and polyADP-ribosylate other leucine zipper proteins.

External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Parp1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.24

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Cajal body
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
located_in chromosome
inferred from direct assay
part_of euchromatin
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleolus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in site of DNA damage
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Parp1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 27 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Parp1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Parp1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
actin filament & embryonic epidermis | conditional ts
actin filament & retina
adult abdomen & cuticle, with Scer\GAL4arm.PS
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (6)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
0  
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (4)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
5 of 13
No
Yes
4 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Parp1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Positive Regulators of Imd Signaling Pathway -
    Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-47.1
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    81F4-81F5
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    81F-81F
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Cytology confirmed by PCR.
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (10)
    Genomic Clones (36)
    cDNA Clones (77)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Sequence of transcript(s) changed in r6 genomic release relative to r5 release.

        Parp is required to produce normal-sized polytene chromosome puffs and normal amounts of Hsp70 protein after heat exposure.

        Nucleoli fail to form in Parp mutants, heterochromatic (but not euchromatic) sequences become sensitive to micrococcal nuclease and the transcript levels of the copia retrotransposon are elevated more than 50-fold.

        Overexpression of Parp disrupts the organisation of the F-actin cytoskeleton, resulting in aberrant cell and tissue morphology.

        The genomic organisation of the Parp locus and its expression pattern during development have been analysed.

        PARP protein is processed in S2 cells treated with etoposide to induce apoptosis.

        Amino acid sequence of Parp cDNA has been compared between different species with an emphasis on conservation of functional elements and expression during development.

        Full length cDNA clones for Drosophila poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase isolated using a probe made by PCR with primers deduced from sequence in mammal, chicken, fish and amphibian species.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Parp BEST:LD21673

        Source for merge of: Parp CG17696 CG17685

        Source for merge of: Parp CG17696

        Source for merge of: CG17718, CG17696, CG17685

        Additional comments

        Annotations CG17718, CG17696 and CG17685 merged as CG40411 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Parp1 Parp

        Nomenclature comments

        Changed symbol from 'Parp' to 'Parp1' to: acknowledge there is at least one other Parp gene in the genome (Parp16); reflect the nomenclature of the vertebrate ortholog; and reflect usage in many publications on the gene.

        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (34)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        BEST:LD21673
        LD21673.3prime
        Name Synonyms
        (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymeras
        Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
        Poly ADP-ribose (ADPr) polymerase 1
        Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase 1
        Poly(ADP)-Ribose Polymerase
        Poly(ADP-)Ribose Polymerase
        Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1
        Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
        Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase
        Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
        poly ADP ribose polymerase
        poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
        poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0039975
        • FBgn0039998
        • FBgn0046268
        • FBgn0058411
        • FBan0040411
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 72 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (162)