FB2024_03 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Prosα4T2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Prosα4T2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Proteasome α4 subunit, Testis-specific 2
Annotation Symbol
CG4569
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0017556
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. (UniProt, Q27575)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Pros28.1B, α4t2_dm

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
60D1-60D1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-107
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:24500780..24502277
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (5 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000005398
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008521424
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000426
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000175000
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of proteasome core complex, alpha-subunit complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000005398
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000426
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000175235
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of proteasome core complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001353
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidase T1A family. (Q27575)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PROTEASOME ALPHA SUBUNITS -
The 26S proteasome degrades polyubiquitinated proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is formed from a cylindrical catalytic core 20S proteasome capped at each end by a regulatory 19S particle. The 19S regulatory particle recognizes, unfolds, and translocates ubiquitinated proteins into the catalytic core particle in an ATP-dependent manner. The core particle is a highly conserved, barrel-shaped complex composed of four stacked heptameric rings. Narrow substrate entry channels are created by the two outer rings, which are each formed by seven alpha subunits. (Adapted from FBrf0215459 and PMID:28583440).
26S PROTEASOME - TESTIS-SPECIFIC VARIANT -
The 26S proteasome degrades polyubiquitinated proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. It is formed from a cylindrical catalytic core 20S proteasome capped at each end by a regulatory 19S particle. The 19S regulatory particle recognizes, unfolds, and translocates ubiquitinated proteins into the catalytic core particle in an ATP-dependent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0215459).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity.
(UniProt, Q27575)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Prosα4T2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q27575)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Prosα4T2-RA
FBtr0072350
NM_138076
1169
252
Prosα4T2-RB
FBtr0343481
NM_001299915
1254
252
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Prosα4T2-PA
FBpp0072257
28.7
252
7.27
Q27575
NP_611920
AAF47215
Prosα4T2-PB
FBpp0310089
28.7
252
7.27
Q27575
NP_001286844
AHN56639
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

252 aa isoforms: Prosα4T2-PA, Prosα4T2-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).

(UniProt, Q27575)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Prosα4T2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

4.96

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Prosα4T2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Prosα4T2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Prosα4T2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Exel6278
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2R)Exel7185
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (19)
Hsap\PSMA7
8 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\PSMA8
8 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\PSMA1
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMA3
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMA4
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMA5
3 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PSMA6
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMA2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PSMB1
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PSMB2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB3
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB5
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB7
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB8
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB10
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB11
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB6
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMB9
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (16)
Rnor\Psma8
8 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Psma7
7 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma1
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma3
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma4
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma5
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma6
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psma3l
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb4
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb8
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmb10
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (17)
Mmus\Psma8
8 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Psma7
7 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma1
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma3
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma4
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma5
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma6
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psma2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb10
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb4
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb5
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb7
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb8
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmb11
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)
Xtro\psma7
7 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\psma4
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psma5
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ctsv
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\panx2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psma2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psma3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psma6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psmb1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\psmb5
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (21)
Drer\psma8
8 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\psma3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma4
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma5
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma6a
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma6b
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma2a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma2b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psma6l
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb3
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb7
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb4
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb8a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb10
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb11b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb12
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmb13a
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (14)
Cele\pas-4
10 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\pas-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\pas-3
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\pas-5
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\pas-6
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\pas-7
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\pas-2
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-2
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-3
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-4
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-5
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-6
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\pbs-7
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (15)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005423
7 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003935
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004960
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008816
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010253
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001973
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001995
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004991
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008837
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010718
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011423
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001697
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009271
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011444
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012608
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (24)
Atha\PAD1
10 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\PAD2
10 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT4G15165
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAC1
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAF1
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAF2
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAG1
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G26340
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAA1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAA2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAE1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAE2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBB1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBB2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBC1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBC2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBE1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBF1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G79210
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PAB1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBA1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBD1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBD2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PBG1
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (14)
Scer\PRE6
10 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\PRE1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE2
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE5
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE7
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE9
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE10
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PUP1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PUP2
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\SCL1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE3
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE4
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\PRE8
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\PUP3
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (13)
Spom\pre6
9 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\pam1
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\pre10
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\pup1
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\pup2
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\pup3
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPAC6G10.04c
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPAC13C5.01c
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPBC646.16
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\pre8
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\pts1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPAC31A2.04c
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPBC577.10
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Prosα4T2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (24)
Prosα4
10 of 13
Prosα4T1
10 of 13
Prosα1
5 of 13
Prosα3
5 of 13
Prosα3T
5 of 13
Prosα5
5 of 13
Prosα6
5 of 13
Prosα6T
5 of 13
Prosα7
5 of 13
Prosα1R
4 of 13
Prosα2
4 of 13
Prosβ2
4 of 13
Prosβ2R1
4 of 13
Prosβ2R2
4 of 13
Prosβ3
4 of 13
Prosβ4
4 of 13
Prosβ4R1
4 of 13
Prosβ5
4 of 13
Prosβ5R1
4 of 13
Prosβ5R2
4 of 13
Prosβ6
4 of 13
Prosβ1
3 of 13
Prosβ4R2
3 of 13
Prosβ7
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PSMA7; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 7
    8 of 14
    606607
        PSMA8; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 8
        8 of 14
        617841
            PSMA1; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 1
            3 of 14
            602854
                PSMA3; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 3
                3 of 14
                176843
                    PSMA4; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 4
                    3 of 14
                    176846
                        PSMA5; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 5
                        3 of 14
                        176844
                             
                            PSMA6; proteasome 20S subunit alpha 6
                            3 of 14
                            602855
                              Functional Complementation Data
                              Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                              Interactions
                              Summary of Physical Interactions
                              esyN Network Diagram
                              Other Interaction Browsers
                              Summary of Genetic Interactions
                              esyN Network Diagram
                              Other Interaction Browsers
                              Starting gene(s)
                              Interaction type
                              Interacting gene(s)
                              Reference
                              Starting gene(s)
                              Interaction type
                              Interacting gene(s)
                              Reference
                              External Data
                              Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                              The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S proteasome core and two 19S regulatory subunits. The 20S proteasome core is composed of 28 subunits that are arranged in four stacked rings, resulting in a barrel-shaped structure. The two end rings are each formed by seven alpha subunits, and the two central rings are each formed by seven beta subunits. The catalytic chamber with the active sites is on the inside of the barrel (By similarity).
                              (UniProt, Q27575 )
                              Linkouts
                              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                              Pathways
                              Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                              Metabolic Pathways
                              Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                              External Data
                              Linkouts
                              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                              Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                              Chromosome (arm)
                              2R
                              Recombination map
                              2-107
                              Cytogenetic map
                              60D1-60D1
                              Sequence location
                              FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                              Cytogenetic map
                              Evidence for location
                              60D1-60D1
                              Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}bs03267&P{lacW}l(2)k10502k10502 and P{lacW}Nurf-38k16102
                              Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                              Cytogenetic map
                              Notes
                              References
                              60D7-60D7
                              (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                              (Yuan et al., 1996)
                              Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                              Location

                              2-107

                              (FlyBase, 2016)

                              2-110.8

                              (Comeron et al., 2012)
                              Left of (cM)
                              Right of (cM)
                              Notes
                              Stocks and Reagents
                              Stocks (7)
                              Genomic Clones (15)
                               

                              Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                              cDNA Clones (6)
                               

                              Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                              cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                              BDGP DGC clones
                              Other clones
                              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                              cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                              BDGP DGC clones
                              Other clones
                              RNAi and Array Information
                              Linkouts
                              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                              Antibody Information
                              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                               
                              Commercially Available Antibodies
                               
                              Cell Line Information
                              Publicly Available Cell Lines
                               
                                Other Stable Cell Lines
                                 
                                  Other Comments

                                  Pros28.1B is in a regulated chromatin domain that includes testes-specific genes.

                                  (Kalmykova et al., 2005)

                                  Testis specific proteasome subunit.

                                  (Torgerson and Singh, 2003)

                                  Pros28.1A and Pros28.1B proteasome subunit genes are isolated and characterised, genes exhibit spermatogenesis-specific expression patterns.

                                  (Yuan et al., 1996)

                                  The cellular distribution of the proteasome during embryogenesis has been investigated using an antibody that cross-reacts strongly with a number of the 28kD proteasome subunits.

                                  (Klein et al., 1990)
                                  Relationship to Other Genes
                                  Source for database merge of
                                  Additional comments
                                  Nomenclature History
                                  Source for database identify of

                                  Source for identity of: Pros28.1B CG4569

                                  (Wang, 1999.11)

                                  Source for identity of: Prosα4T2 Pros28.1B

                                  (FlyBase, 2009-)
                                  Nomenclature comments

                                  The nomenclature of genes encoding subunits of the 26S proteasome of D. melanogaster have been standardized according to FBrf0215459. These symbols/names largely follow those used already in FlyBase, and largely mirror fly community usage. HOWEVER, note that at least one other nomenclature system exists that is followed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), for example, with the unfortunate result that several D. melanogaster genes have shared synonyms.

                                  (FlyBase, 2009-)
                                  Etymology
                                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
                                  Datasets (0)
                                  Study focus (0)
                                  Experimental Role
                                  Project
                                  Project Type
                                  Title
                                  Study result (0)
                                  Result
                                  Result Type
                                  Title
                                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 96 )
                                  Sequence Crossreferences
                                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                                  UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                                  Other crossreferences
                                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                                  MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
                                  Linkouts
                                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                                  FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                                  KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                                  Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                                  References (46)