FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Allele: Dmel\Mlc2E38
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Mlc2E38
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0029930
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\Mlc2
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
Ifm(3)99EbE38
Key Links
Genomic Maps

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Sparrow, 1995, Tohtong et al., 1995, Warmke et al., 1992)

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Warmke et al., 1989)
Mutagen
ethyl methanesulfonate
(Warmke et al., 1992)
Progenitor genotype
Cytology
Description

Stop codon at residue 10 of the protein coding sequence.

(Tohtong et al., 1995)

Amino acid replacement: K10term.

(Warmke et al., 1992)

Nucleotide substitution: A?T.

(Warmke et al., 1992)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
point_mutation
3R:30,173,790..30,173,790 [-]
Nucleotide change:

A30173790T

Reported nucleotide change:

A?T

Amino acid change:

K10term | Mlc2-PA

Reported amino acid change:

K10term

(Tohtong et al., 1995, Warmke et al., 1992)
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
       
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class
      Phenotype Manifest In

      indirect flight muscle & myofibril

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      indirect flight muscle & striated muscle thick filament

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      indirect flight muscle & striated muscle thin filament

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      indirect flight muscle & Z disc

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      sarcomere

      (Farman et al., 2009)

      sarcomere, with Mlc2S66A,S67A

      (Farman et al., 2009)

      sarcomere, with Mlc2Δ2-46

      (Farman et al., 2009)
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      Mlc2E38 mutant flies expressing Mlc2Δ2-46,S66A,S67A are unable to fly or beat their wings.

      Mlc2E38 mutant flies expressing Mlc2S66A,S67A display decreased wing beat frequency and few of them are able to fly or beat their wings resulting in a large reduction in flight index.

      Mlc2E38 mutant flies expressing Mlc2Δ2-46 are able to fly or beat their wings, but they display slightly reduced flight index and decreased wing beat frequency compared with wild-type.

      Mlc2E38 mutant flies expressing Mlc2+t3.4 are able to fly or beat their wings.

      (Miller et al., 2011)

      Mlc2E38 mutants carrying Mlc2Δ2-46 display sarcomeric structural abnormalities as revealed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.

      Mlc2E38 mutants carrying Mlc2S66A,S67A display sarcomeric structural abnormalities as revealed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.

      Mlc2E38 mutants carrying Mlc2Δ2-46,S66A,S67A display sarcomeric structural abnormalities as revealed by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy.

      (Farman et al., 2009)

      Homozygous border cell clones show normal migration.

      (Borghese et al., 2006)

      Heterozygotes have a flight index of 0.37 +/- 0.13 (wild type is 5.5 +/- 0.05) and a wing beat frequency of 137 +/- 10Hz (wild type is 197 +/- 5Hz).

      (Moore et al., 2000)

      The myofibrillar and sarcomeric structures of the indirect flight muscle (IFM) of Mlc2E38 flies carrying either Mlc2S66A, Mlc2S67A, Mlc2S66A,S67A or Mlc2+tTa appear normal.

      (Dickinson et al., 1997)

      Heterozygotes are viable but are severely flight impaired and have a reduced wing beat frequency that is due to abnormal flight muscle structure.

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)

      Flies exhibit a low wing beat frequency.

      (Hyatt and Maughan, 1994)

      Heterozygotes do not fly but can produce wing movements to break their fall. Wing beat frequency is reduced compared to wild-type. The average sarcomere length of the indirect flight muscles in heterozygous adults is approximately the same as wild-type. Myofibrils appear swollen due to altered thick and thin filament packing, and filaments peel away from the periphery of the myofibril, frequently entering an adjacent myofibril. Z lines are not as straight as in wild-type flies but appear wavy and are sometimes broken. These defects are also seen in the indirect flight muscles of heterozygous pupae.

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      Dominant flightless behaviour and abnormal myofibrillar structure.

      (Warmke et al., 1989)
      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Rescued by

      Mlc2E38 is rescued by Mlc2+tTa

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)

      Mlc2E38 is rescued by Mlc2+t3.4

      (Warmke et al., 1992)

      Mlc2E38 is rescued by Mlc2+t5.9

      (Warmke et al., 1992)
      Partially rescued by

      Mlc2E38 is partially rescued by Mlc2Δ2-46

      (Moore et al., 2000)

      Mlc2E38 is partially rescued by Mlc2S67A

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)

      Mlc2E38 is partially rescued by Mlc2S66A,S67A

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)

      Mlc2E38 is partially rescued by Mlc2S66A

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)
      Comments

      A single copy of Mlc2Δ2-46 rescues the flight behaviour of Mlc2E38/+ flies; the flight index is 5.5 +/- 0.27 (wild type is 5.5 +/- 0.05) and although the wing beat frequency is significantly elevated (220 +/- 9Hz) compared to wild type (197 +/- 5Hz), it is still within the normal range. One copy of Mlc2Δ2-46 rescues the lethality of Mlc2E38 homozygotes, but the rescued flies are flightless.

      (Moore et al., 2000)

      Two copies of P{Mlc2+} rescues lethality of homozygotes and restores wild type muscle structure and returned wing beat frequency and flight ability to normal in heterozygotes. Homozygotes transformed with two copies of P{Mlc2S66A}, P{Mlc2S67A} or P{Mlc2S66A,S67A} are viable.

      (Tohtong et al., 1995)

      The dominant flightless and recessive lethality of Mlc2E38 flies is rescued by Mlc2+t3.4 and also by Mlc2+t5.9. The ultrastructural defects in the indirect flight muscles of heterozygotes are rescued by Mlc2+t3.4.

      (Warmke et al., 1992)
      Images (0)
      Mutant
      Wild-type
      Stocks (2)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer

      Merriam.

      Separable from: Mlc2E38. Originally isolated as the "E38" chromosome which contained two independent mutations; l(3)99Df1 and Mlc2E38.

      (Warmke et al., 1989)
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (5)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      Ifm(3)99EbE38
      (Hyatt and Maughan, 1994, Warmke et al., 1992)
      Mlc2-
      (Hyatt and Maughan, 1994)
      Mlc21
      Mlc2E38
      mlc2E38
      (Farman et al., 2009, Borghese et al., 2006)
      Name Synonyms
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBal0012331
      References (14)