The regularity of DLM spiking is affected in Hk¹ mutants, with a significant increase in the DLM inter-spike interval CV.

Hk¹ mutants sleep less on day day and the severity of the short sleeping phenotype increases after the first week, peaking at day 18. Hk¹ flies cease being consistently short sleepers after day 60.

Walking activity is not affected by age in Hk¹ flies, which remain hyperactive relative to their wild-type siblings from day 2 until death. Late in life, Hk¹ flies are hyperactive but are no longer short-sleepers.

Hk¹ flies exhibit an approximate 29% decrease in life-span compared to wild-type.

70-day old Hk¹ flies sleep more during both day and night, compared to 70-day old wild-type flies that exhibit increased sleep primarily during the day.

When exposed to 10mM paraquat for 48hr, mutants show 48% survival (wild type shows 97% survival).

The rate of habituation of the giant fiber escape pathway is reduced and attainment of five consecutive failures is delayed in Hk¹ flies compared to wild-type. The refractory period of the long-latency response is shorter than normal. The refractory period of the short-latency response is longer than normal for the tergotrochanteral muscle. The short-latency response of the dorsal longitudinal muscle occurs earlier than in wild-type flies. Habituation in Hk¹ Sh⁵ double mutants is markedly retarded, as in Hk¹ single mutants, rather than more rapid as in Sh⁵ single mutants.

Hemizygous males exhibit an anesthesia-induced leg shaking phenotype, females appear wild type.

Homozygous adults are more sensitive to paraquat than control flies. Homozygous adults have a reduced lifespan compared to wild-type flies.

The life expectancy of Hk¹ hemizygous males is shortened, as compared to controls.

Leg-shaking phenotype.

The delivery of a short electrical buzz to the brain has no significant effect on Hk¹ mutant flies. The delivery of a long electrical buzz to the brain can cause abnormal spontaneous activity ("seizures") in the dorsal longitudinal muscle.

Mutant flies show a shortened life span due to a normal, but accelerated, course of aging at 18^oC and 25^oC.

Leg shaking while under ether anaesthesia.

Recessive mutation. eag¹ Hk¹ double mutant larvae show an increased number of axonal branches and varicosities over muscles 12 and 13. eag¹ Hk¹ double mutant larval muscles show periods of activity not organised into bursts (tonic activity) in contrast to wild-type.

Homozygous flies show rapid-leg shaking under ether anesthesia.

Phenotype is similar to that of Flu¹.

Ether-dependent leg shaking and wing scissoring.

Hemizygous males show a 22% reduction in lifespan. Heterozygous females show only a slight reduction in lifespan.

Isolated as a dominant allele that induces ether-induced leg shaking in flies (FBrf0020572); later, Hk alleles showed recessive behavior, both in regard to the adult leg shaking phenotype and to the larval electrophysiological phenotype (FBrf0050361). The vigorous leg shaking of flies can be induced by nitrogen or triethylamine, as well as ether, but not by chloroform (FBrf0038065); ether also induces rhythmic bursts of impulses in certain cells of the thoracic ganglia of adults (summarized in FBrf0025830). The "patch clamp" experiments on neurons from Hk¹ larvae reveals inward currents of unusually high conductance (FBrf0043568). In Hk¹ larvae, the amplitude and duration of the postsynaptic response to a brief high frequency nerve stimulation is increased up to the level characteristic of Sh mutants (FBrf0050361). Shadow stimuli induce jump response, which maps to the head in mosaic experiment (FBrf0073517). Hk¹ can overcome heat-induced paralytic effects of para^ts1 (i.e. strobe light stimuli to the double mutant elicit jumps). Courtship performed by Hk¹ males is abnormal (FBrf0025875). Lifespan is shorter than normal and rate of oxygen consumption is greater than normal in Hk¹ (FBrf0021491). Mutant focus of life-shortening effect maps to ventral anterior part of thorax as does leg shaking (FBrf0036553). Mutant shows weak orientation to spots in Y-maze test (FBrf0063339).

Hk¹ has chemical sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by eag¹

Hk¹ has chemical sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by qvr¹

Hk¹ has visible phenotype, enhanceable by qvr¹

Hk¹ is an enhancer of chemical sensitive phenotype of eag¹

Hk¹ is an enhancer of chemical sensitive phenotype of qvr¹

Hk¹ is an enhancer of visible phenotype of qvr¹

Hk¹, scrib[+]/scrib^smi97B has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi26D¹ has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi27E¹ has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi21F[+]/Pino^smi21F has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi26D¹/smi26D[+] has abnormal smell perception | dominant | female phenotype

Hk¹, smi26D¹/smi26D[+] has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi27E[+]/smi27E¹ has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, scrib^smi97B has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, Pino^smi21F has abnormal smell perception | dominant | male phenotype

Hk¹, smi26D¹ has abnormal smell perception | dominant | female phenotype

Hk¹, Sod1ⁿ¹ has viable phenotype

Hk¹ has wing phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sh²¹

Hk¹ has wing phenotype, non-enhanceable by Sh⁵