FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\Sh[21]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Sh²¹

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0015561

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\Sh

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

Sh^rKO120, Sh¹²⁰, Sh^rK0120

Key Links

Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Haugland and Wu, 1990)

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

(Gautam and Tanouye, 1990)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Polytene chromosomes normal.

(Ferrus et al., 1990)

Description

Mutation in the V region of the Sh locus.

(Ferrus et al., 1990)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Evidence

References

model of epilepsy

CEA

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1983)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Interaction

References

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

Phenotype Manifest In

giant fiber neuron

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ mutant flies are capable of sustained flight (for longer than 10 seconds).

Sh²¹ mutant flies exhibit a flight pattern that is different to wild-type flies, with increased wing beat frequency but largely normal DLM spiking activity, including an average firing rate and cv of the inter-spike interval.

(Iyengar and Wu, 2014)

Sh²¹ mutant larvae fail to exhibit Response Index increment by associative training upon LIN/SUC exposure.

(Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005)

The seizure threshold following short wavetrains of high-frequency electrical stimuli (0.5ms pulses at 200Hz for 300ms) is increased in mutant flies (86.9 +/- 8.5 V) compared to controls.

The threshold for activation of the giant fiber in mutant animals following single stimulus pulses (0.2ms duration, 0.5Hz) is not significantly different from that of wild type.

The giant fiber following frequency (the maximum stimulation frequency that the giant fiber pathway can reliably follow) is reduced compared to wild type in mutant animals.

(Kuebler et al., 2001)

When exposed to 10mM paraquat for 48hr, mutants show 30% survival (wild type shows 97% survival).

(Wang et al., 2000)

Habituation of the giant fiber escape pathway occurs more rapidly in Sh²¹ flies than in wild-type. The long-latency response is delayed slightly. The short-latency response of the tergotrochanteral muscle is delayed. The rate of habituation in Sh²¹ eag¹ double mutants is no more extreme than in Sh²¹ or eag¹ single mutants.

(Engel and Wu, 1998)

Homozygotes show increased sensitivity to chloroform and trichloroethylene, but not to halothane in an inebriometer assay (an assay of geotactic and postural behaviour) compared to wild-type flies.

(Leibovitch et al., 1995)

More sensitive than the wild-type to the knock-down effect of acute γ-irradiation.

(Megumi et al., 1995)

The delivery of an electrical buzz (50-400 msec) to the brain has no significant effect on Sh²¹ mutant flies.

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995)

"Giant" neurons derived from flies carrying Sh^29-4.hs in a Sh²¹ background show a heat shock inducible A-type K⁺ current. This current shows slow recovery from inactivation compared to wild-type.

(Zhao et al., 1995)

eag¹ Sh²¹ double hemizygous bristle sensory cells in small-patch mosaic adult flies are more responsive to tactile stimulation than wild-type bristles, although the pathfinding and formation of sensory cell projections is normal.

(Burg et al., 1993)

Flies show leg-shaking under anaesthesia. Increases the refractory period and lowers the following frequency of the giant fibre response of the dorsal longitudinal muscle pathway, and lowers the following frequency of the giant fibre response of the tergotrochanteral muscle pathway. eag¹ Sh²¹ and eag^4PM Sh²¹ double mutant flies show spontaneous activity of the dorsal longitudinal and dorsoventral indirect flight muscles when at rest. This phenotype is suppressed by mle^nap-ts1 in eag¹ Sh²¹ mle^nap-ts1 flies. 54% of eag^4PM Sh²¹ flies have a wings-down phenotype.

(Engel and Wu, 1992)

The mutants effects can be potentiated by mutations in dnc and the enhancement can be counterbalanced by rut¹. The effect of extreme hyperexcitability in eag Sh double mutants cannot be potentiated by mutations in dnc.

(Zhong et al., 1992)

eag^4PM Sh²¹ double mutant larvae show an increased ramification of neurites throughout muscles 12 and 13. This phenotype is suppressed by mle^nap-ts1 at the restrictive temperature. eag^4PM Sh²¹ double mutant larval muscles show periods of activity not organised into bursts (tonic activity) in contrast to wild-type. This phenotype is partially suppressed by mle^nap-ts1.

(Budnik et al., 1990)

Flies manifest chronic vibration of their appendages as well as abnormal action potentials. Hypersensitive to TEM Hypersensitive to triethylamine, causes lethality.

(Ferrus et al., 1990)

I_A is reduced to about 78% of normal in homozygous third larval instar muscles. I_A is much lower than predicted by simple gene-dosage dependence in Sh²¹/Sh¹⁴ or Sh²¹/Sh⁷ flies.

(Haugland and Wu, 1990)

Sh²¹ eag^4PM males show no conditioning of courtship behaviour.

(Cowan and Siegel, 1984)

Excitatory junction potentials are prolonged even at very low external Ca²⁺ concentrations. Sh²¹ interacts synergistically with either eag¹ or eag^4PM in double mutants to produce extremely prolonged neuromuscular transmission and spontaneous firing of the motor axons.

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1983)

Ether-dependent leg shaking and wing scissoring. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and carbon dioxide etherization does not elicit shaking behavior, though nitrogen and triethylkamine etherization does. Unetherized, older flies show uncoordinated walking behavior, and stand quivering on the bottom of the culture bottle.

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia; abnormal A-type potassium currents in larval muscle and/or pupal flight muscle; abnormal action potentials in the adult cervical giant fiber; abnormal synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junction and multiple firing of larval motoneurons.

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ has chemical sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by eag¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

Sh²¹ has increased rate of movement phenotype, enhanceable by qvr¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ has visible phenotype, non-enhanceable by qvr¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹, eag¹ has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by LanA^C01-190/Scer\GAL4^C57

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^Toll-6-D42/Itgbn^UAS.cTa

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has chemical sensitive phenotype, suppressible | partially by mle^nap-ts1

(Wang et al., 2000)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ is an enhancer of chemical sensitive phenotype of eag¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

Sh²¹ is an enhancer of increased rate of movement phenotype of qvr¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ is a non-enhancer of visible phenotype of qvr¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹, eag¹ has abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has abnormal neuroanatomy phenotype

(Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has increased rate of movement phenotype

(Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005)

Sh²¹, eag^4PM has visible phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has abnormal behavior phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag²⁴ has visible phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag²⁴ has abnormal behavior phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag^4PM has abnormal behavior phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has visible phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Phenotype Manifest In

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹, eag¹ has neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by LanA^C01-190/Scer\GAL4^C57

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^Toll-6-D42/Itgbn^UAS.cTa

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has synapse | ectopic phenotype, suppressible by Gαs^B19

(Wolfgang et al., 2004)

Sh²¹ has phenotype, suppressible by para^lk5

(Stern et al., 1990)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹ is a non-enhancer of wing phenotype of Hk¹

(Wang et al., 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

Sh²¹, eag¹ has neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage phenotype

(Tsai et al., 2012)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has indirect flight muscle motor neuron DLMN5 phenotype

(Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has neuromuscular junction phenotype

(Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has synapse | ectopic phenotype

(Wolfgang et al., 2004)

Sh²¹, eag^4PM has wing phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag²⁴ has wing phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has wing phenotype

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has anterior postalar bristle phenotype

(Burg and Wu, 1989)

Sh²¹, eag¹ has posterior supraalar bristle phenotype

(Burg and Wu, 1989)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

eag¹ Sh²¹ double mutant third instar larvae show overgrowth of the neuromuscular junction. This overgrowth is significantly suppressed by expression of either LanA^C01-190 under the control of Scer\GAL4^C57 or βInt-ν^Scer\UAS.cTa under the control of Scer\GAL4^D42.

(Tsai et al., 2012)

There is an increase in the number and density of secondary branches along the primary branches of the motor neuron that innervates DLMa in eag¹/Sh²¹ mutants. The length of these secondary branches is not affected, but 75% of mutants have less than the wild-type number of contact points between the neuron and the muscle.

(Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005)

eag¹. Sh²¹ mutants exhibit a synaptic over-growth phenotype. The addition of G-sα60A^B19 suppresses this phenotype.

(Wolfgang et al., 2004)

eag¹ Sh²¹, eag²⁴ Sh²¹ and eag^4PM Sh²¹ double mutants exhibit vigorous leg-shaking behaviour under ether anaesthesia. Many exhibit a wings down phenotype. High frequency, spontaneous EJPs of a greater amplitude are seen at larval neuromuscular junctions and spontaneous discharges of EJPs or action potentials can be recorded in adult flight muscles.

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

The leg shaking phenotype is suppressed by para^lk5.

(Stern et al., 1990)

eag¹, Sh²¹ double hemizygous males show ether-induced violent leg shaking. Analysis of eag¹, Sh²¹ mosaics shows that bristles not normally responsive to mechanical stimulation, such as the anterior postalar and posterior supraalar sensory cells, become much more sensitive to mechanical stimulation in the double mutant.

(Burg and Wu, 1989)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Comments

No wings down phenotype was observed for qvr¹ in combination with Sh²¹, Sh⁵ or Sh¹⁶ though leg shaking is more vigorous in these double mutants than in either of the Sh of qvr single mutants alone.

(Wang et al., 2000)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (0)

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

O'Hara.

Comments

Phenotype suppressed by mle^nap-ts1, even at permissive temperatures. Shaking and suppressed phenotypes are evident in severed legs as well as in the whole organism.

(Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

Mutation reduces the amplitude of I_A in larval muscles.

(Zhong and Wu, 1993)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Sh¹²⁰

(Hossain et al., 2023, Ruan et al., 2017, Iyengar and Wu, 2014, Tsai et al., 2012, Hebbar and Fernandes, 2005, Wolfgang et al., 2004, Wang et al., 2000, Engel and Wu, 1998, Zhao et al., 1995)

Sh²¹

Sh^KO120

(Zhong et al., 1992)

Sh^rK0120

(Pavlidis and Tanouye, 1995, Burg et al., 1993, Ferrus et al., 1990, Haugland and Wu, 1990, Cowan and Siegel, 1984, Ganetzky and Wu, 1983)

Sh^rKO120

(Kuebler et al., 2001, Wang et al., 2000, Engel and Wu, 1998, Leibovitch et al., 1995, Zhao et al., 1995, Engel and Wu, 1992, Budnik et al., 1990, Gautam and Tanouye, 1990, Stern et al., 1990, Burg and Wu, 1989, Ganetzky and Wu, 1982)

Sh^rkO120

(Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (32)

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