FB2024_02 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Tpi
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Tpi
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Triose phosphate isomerase
Annotation Symbol
CG2171
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0086355
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
triose-phosphate isomerase (5.3.1.1)
Gene Summary
Triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) encodes a soluble metabolic protein dimer that functions in glycolysis catalyzing the isomerization between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is essential for efficient ATP production. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

ND14, sugarkill, wstd

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-100
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:30132981..30134599
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in glycolytic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in gluconeogenesis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000474559
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P17751
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P17751
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000474559
involved_in glycolytic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR022896
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000474559
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in M band
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P17751
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000474559
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase family. (P29613)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
triose-phosphate isomerase activity
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate (5.3.1.1)
RHEA 18585:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi) encodes a soluble metabolic protein dimer that functions in glycolysis catalyzing the isomerization between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is essential for efficient ATP production. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
INTRAMOLECULAR OXIDOREDUCTASES INTERCONVERTING ALDOSES AND KETOSES -
Intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses catalyze the oxidation of one part of an aldose or ketose molecule and the concurrent reduction of another part of the same molecule. (Adapted from FBrf0238665.)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Tpi: Triosephosphate isomerase
Structural gene for the glycolytic enzyme triosphosphate isomerase [TPI (EC5.3.1.1)] found in muscle. Heterozygote contains the parental isozymes plus a hybrid isozyme.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Tpi for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P29613)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0085582
1374
348
FBtr0085583
1112
247
FBtr0085584
1268
247
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.3 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0084948
37.9
348
7.73
FBpp0084949
26.6
247
5.80
FBpp0084950
26.6
247
5.80
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

247 aa isoforms: Tpi-PB, Tpi-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, P29613)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Tpi using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.43

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Tpi transcripts are detected throughout development on northern blots. They are very abundant in very early embryos and then decline. Levels then rise to a peak in third instar larvae followed by a decline and a subsequent rise near the time of eclosion. This is a pattern characteristic of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
enzyme assay or biochemical detection
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Glycolytic enzymes, including Tpi protein are localized to M bands and Z discs, as visualized in the isolated myofibrils of flight muscles, where immunoreactivity appears as alternating bright and less-intense bands.

Tpi protein was identified in wing discs.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in M band
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Tpi in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 37 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Tpi
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Tpi
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 26 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
3  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
10 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Tpi. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 18 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
esyN Network Diagram
Show/hide secondary interactors 
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
esyN Network Key:
Suppression
Enhancement
Other Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Homodimer.
(UniProt, P29613 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-100
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
99D8-99D8
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}ncd05884 and P{lacW}l(3)s2500s2500
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
99E-99E
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-101.3

Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (14)
Genomic Clones (14)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (130)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
 
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      Mutants have reduced longevity, progressive locomotor deficiency and neural degeneration.

      In a sample of 79 genes with multiple introns, 33 showed significant heterogeneity in G+C content among introns of the same gene and significant positive correspondence between the intron and the third codon position G+C content within genes. These results are consistent with selection adding against preferred codons at the start of genes.

      Identified in 2D gels of CMW W2 wing imaginal disc cell proteins.

      Isolated using a fragment of the chicken Tpi gene as a probe.

      Tpi has been cloned and sequenced, and its developmental expression pattern analysed.

      Structural gene for the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) found in muscle. Heterozygote contains the parental isozymes plus a hybrid isozyme.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: Tpi ND14

      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Tpi CG2171

      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology

      The gene has been named "sugarkill", due to the well characterised function of the Tpi protein in carbohydrate metabolism and the reduced longevity defect of Tpi mutants.

      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (15)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0003738
      • FBgn0063906
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 115 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      References (145)