FB2024_04 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\PGRP-SD
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\PGRP-SD
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Peptidoglycan recognition protein SD
Annotation Symbol
CG7496
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0035806
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Gene Summary
Peptidoglycan recognition protein SD (PGRP-SD) encodes a secreted member of the peptidoglycan recognition protein of from Gram negative bacteria. It is a positive regulator of the Imd pathway by promoting the recognition of peptidoglycan. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SD precursor

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
66A8-66A8
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-21
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:7651180..7651900
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables peptidoglycan binding
inferred from direct assay
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables peptidoglycan binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:PGRP-SC1b; FB:FBgn0033327
(Mellroth et al., 2003)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017331
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006619
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
NOT enables N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
inferred from key residues
(Mellroth et al., 2003)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
inferred from direct assay
(Bischoff et al., 2004)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iatsenko et al., 2016, Bischoff et al., 2004)
involved_in detection of peptidoglycan
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
involved_in positive regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:PGRP-LC; FB:FBgn0035976
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in innate immune response
non-traceable author statement
(Werner et al., 2000)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017331
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
NOT involved_in peptidoglycan catabolic process
inferred from key residues
(Mellroth et al., 2003)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Werner et al., 2000)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. (Q9VS97)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Peptidoglycan recognition protein SD (PGRP-SD) encodes a secreted member of the peptidoglycan recognition protein of from Gram negative bacteria. It is a positive regulator of the Imd pathway by promoting the recognition of peptidoglycan. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SHORT PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEINS -
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune response that bind peptidoglycans. Insect PGRPs can be divided into two groups based on transcript size: short PGRPs (PGRP-S) and long PGRPs (PGRP-L). PGRP-S have signal peptides and can be extracellular proteins. (Adapted from FBrf0223078).
UNCLASSIFIED PSEUDOENZYMES -
This group comprises pseudoenzymes that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
Positive Regulators of Imd Signaling Pathway -
Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Peptidoglycan-recognition protein that plays a key role in innate immunity by binding to peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria and activating the Toll pathway. Has no activity against on Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Shows some partial redundancy with PRPGP-SA in Gram-positive bacteria recognition. May act by activating the proteolytic cleavage of Spatzle and the subsequent activation of Toll pathway. Recognizes S.aureus PGN.
(UniProt, Q9VS97)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PGRP-SD for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VS97)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
PGRP-SD-RA
FBtr0076807
NM_139888
721
186
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
PGRP-SD-PA
FBpp0076519
20.1
186
5.63
Q9VS97
NP_648145
AAF50530
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PGRP-SD using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.74

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Werner et al., 2000)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Iatsenko et al., 2016)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PGRP-SD in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PGRP-SD
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PGRP-SD
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)PGRP-SDΔ17
(Bischoff et al., 2004)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\PGLYRP1
7 of 14
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\PGLYRP2
5 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PGLYRP3
4 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PGLYRP4
4 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Pglyrp1
7 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Pglyrp2
5 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pglyrp3
5 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pglyrp4
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC685600
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Pglyrp1
7 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Pglyrp2
5 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pglyrp3
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pglyrp4
4 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\pglyrp1-like.1
3 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\pglyrp2
3 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\mterf2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\gad2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pglyrp1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\spryd7
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\pglyrp5
7 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\pglyrp2
5 of 14
No
No
Drer\pglyrp6
5 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\mig-39
1 of 14
Yes
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (8)
Agam\PGRPS1
5 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\PGRPLB
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPS2
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPS3
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLA
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLC
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\PGRPLD
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011476
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:PGRP-SD. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (12)
PGRP-SA
7 of 13
PGRP-SC2
7 of 13
PGRP-LE
6 of 13
PGRP-LF
6 of 13
PGRP-SC1a
6 of 13
PGRP-LB
5 of 13
PGRP-LC
5 of 13
PGRP-SB1
5 of 13
PGRP-SB2
5 of 13
PGRP-SC1b
5 of 13
PGRP-LA
4 of 13
PGRP-LD
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PGLYRP1; peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
    7 of 14
    604963
         
        PGLYRP2; peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
        5 of 14
        608199
            PGLYRP3; peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
            4 of 14
            608197
                 
                PGLYRP4; peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
                4 of 14
                608198
                    Functional Complementation Data
                    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                    Interactions
                    Summary of Physical Interactions
                    esyN Network Diagram
                    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
                    Show/hide secondary interactors 
                    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
                    Select Layout:
                    Legend:
                    Protein
                    RNA
                    Selected Interactor(s)
                    Other Interaction Browsers
                    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
                    protein-protein
                    Physical Interaction
                    Assay
                    References
                    PGRP-SD - GNBP1
                    cosedimentation, surface plasmon resonance
                    (Wang et al., 2008)
                    PGRP-SD - PGRP-LC
                    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2016)
                    PGRP-SD - PGRP-SA
                    surface plasmon resonance, cosedimentation
                    (Wang et al., 2008)
                    Summary of Genetic Interactions
                    esyN Network Diagram
                    Show/hide secondary interactors 
                    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
                    esyN Network Key:
                    Suppression
                    Enhancement
                    Other Interaction Browsers
                    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    PGRP-SD
                    suppressible
                    Ldh
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2018)
                    PGRP-SD
                    suppressible
                    Nox
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2018)
                    PGRP-SD
                    suppressible
                    upd2
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2018)
                    Starting gene(s)
                    Interaction type
                    Interacting gene(s)
                    Reference
                    Ldh
                    suppressible
                    PGRP-SD
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2018)
                    PGRP-LB
                    suppressible
                    PGRP-SD
                    (Iatsenko et al., 2016)
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    Pathways
                    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                    Positive Regulators of Imd Signaling Pathway -
                    Positive regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the increased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
                    Metabolic Pathways
                    External Data
                    Linkouts
                    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                    Chromosome (arm)
                    3L
                    Recombination map
                    3-21
                    Cytogenetic map
                    66A8-66A8
                    Sequence location
                    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Evidence for location
                    66A8-66A8
                    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0721708223&P{EP}Rac2EP3118 and P{lacW}Nmtj1C7
                    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                    Cytogenetic map
                    Notes
                    References
                    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                    Location

                    3-21

                    (FlyBase, 2016)

                    3-17.7

                    (Comeron et al., 2012)
                    Left of (cM)
                    Right of (cM)
                    Notes
                    Stocks and Reagents
                    Stocks (6)
                    Genomic Clones (20)
                    cDNA Clones (4)
                     

                    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                    BDGP DGC clones
                      Other clones
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                      BDGP DGC clones
                        Other clones
                        RNAi and Array Information
                        Linkouts
                        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                        Antibody Information
                        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                         

                        polyclonal

                        (Wang et al., 2008)
                        Commercially Available Antibodies
                         
                        Cell Line Information
                        Publicly Available Cell Lines
                         
                          Other Stable Cell Lines
                           
                            Other Comments
                            Relationship to Other Genes
                            Source for database merge of
                            Additional comments
                            Nomenclature History
                            Source for database identify of

                            Source for identity of: PGRP-SD CG7496

                            (Werner et al., 2000)
                            Nomenclature comments
                            Etymology
                            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
                            Reported As
                            Symbol Synonym
                            CG7496
                            (Meadows, 2017.1.11, Petersen et al., 2012, Douglas et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Carrera et al., 2008, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Pal et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Bischoff et al., 2004, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001)
                            Dm PGRP-SD
                            (Waterhouse et al., 2007)
                            PGRP-SD
                            (Balakireva et al., 2024, Bossen et al., 2023, Khan et al., 2023, Krejčová et al., 2023, Meng et al., 2023, Stączek et al., 2023, Williams et al., 2023, Xu et al., 2023, Deshpande et al., 2022, Gallo et al., 2022, Hodge et al., 2022, Pavlidaki et al., 2022, Waring et al., 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Xu et al., 2022, Yoo et al., 2022, Zhou et al., 2022, Hall et al., 2021, Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021, Benoit et al., 2020, Delbare et al., 2020, Dierking and Pita, 2020, Garrido-Maraver et al., 2020, Lesperance and Broderick, 2020, Lu et al., 2020, Nishihara, 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Younes et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020, Nie et al., 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Zhai et al., 2018, Kaynar et al., 2016, Castillo et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Hauling et al., 2014, Keebaugh and Schlenke, 2014, Kurata, 2014, Lindsay and Wasserman, 2014, Myllymäki et al., 2014, Panayidou et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Ferrandon, 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Kingsolver et al., 2013, Marianes and Spradling, 2013, Mbodj et al., 2013, Merkling and van Rij, 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Doroszuk et al., 2012, Igboin et al., 2012, Kounatidis and Ligoxygakis, 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Rynes et al., 2012, Atilano et al., 2011, Basbous et al., 2011, Chtarbanova and Imler, 2011, Douglas et al., 2011, Napoletano et al., 2011, Nehme et al., 2011, Valanne et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Wong et al., 2011, Yano and Kurata, 2011, Ye and McGraw, 2011, Fernández-Ayala et al., 2010, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2010, Kurata, 2010, Sackton et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Ye et al., 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, Carrera et al., 2008, Davis et al., 2008, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Leone et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Wagner et al., 2008, Wang and Ligoxygakis, 2008, Curtis et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Bischoff et al., 2006, Johansson et al., 2005, Shin et al., 2005, Bischoff et al., 2004, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Jiggins and Hurst, 2003, Mellroth et al., 2003, Christophides et al., 2002)
                            pgrp-sd
                            (Wang et al., 2008)
                            Name Synonyms
                            PGRP-SD
                            (Felix et al., 2012, Atilano et al., 2011)
                            Peptidoglycan recognition protein SD
                            Peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SD precursor
                            (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Rollmann et al., 2008)
                            Secondary FlyBase IDs
                              Datasets (0)
                              Study focus (0)
                              Experimental Role
                              Project
                              Project Type
                              Title
                              Study result (0)
                              Result
                              Result Type
                              Title
                              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 51 )
                              Sequence Crossreferences
                              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                              Other crossreferences
                              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                              PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                              Linkouts
                              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                              References (138)