FB2024_02 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\rad50
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\rad50
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
rad50
Annotation Symbol
CG6339
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0034728
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Gene Summary
rad50 (rad50) encodes a protein belonging to the SMC family and RAD50 subfamily that is involved in DNA repair. It is required for double-strand break repair and telomere maintenance. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
58E1-58E1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-100
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:22421013..22425482
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (18 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP hydrolysis activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004584, InterPro:IPR038729
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables double-stranded DNA binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P12753
(Gorski et al., 2004)
enables double-stranded telomeric DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables G-quadruplex DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables single-stranded telomeric DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromosome organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
involved_in DNA repair
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2006)
involved_in double-strand break repair
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gorski et al., 2004)
involved_in protein localization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
involved_in telomere maintenance via recombination
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
involved_in telomere maintenance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2006, Ciapponi et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in DNA duplex unwinding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in double-strand break repair
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR038729
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in telomere maintenance via recombination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in telomere maintenance via telomerase
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in telomere maintenance
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004584
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in condensed chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
part_of Mre11 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Gao et al., 2009)
located_in nucleus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in condensed nuclear chromosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of Mre11 complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004584
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
traceable author statement
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000429848
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004584
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the SMC family. RAD50 subfamily. (Q9W252)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
rad50 (rad50) encodes a protein belonging to the SMC family and RAD50 subfamily that is involved in DNA repair. It is required for double-strand break repair and telomere maintenance. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED ATPASES -
This group comprises ATPases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
MRN COMPLEX -
The MRN complex consists of the two evolutionarily conserved components (Mre11 and Rad50) and a third less-conserved component (Nbs1/Xrs2). This complex mediates telomere maintenance in addition to a variety of functions in response to DNA double-strand breaks, including homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and activation of DNA damage checkpoints. RAD50 provides ATP-dependent regulatory control of Mre11 nuclease activity by unwinding and/or repositioning DNA ends into the Mre11 active site. (Adapted from FBrf0180055 and PMID:17698079.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Essential component of the MRN complex, a complex that possesses single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities, and plays a central role in double-strand break (DSB) repair. The complex participates in processes such as DNA recombination, DNA repair, genome stability, telomere integrity and meiosis. The MRN complex may protect telomeres by facilitating recruitment of HOAP and HP1 at chromosome ends. In the complex, it mediates the ATP-binding and is probably required to bind DNA ends and hold them in close proximity.
(UniProt, Q9W252)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\rad50 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W252)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
rad50-RD
FBtr0301668
NM_166533
4068
1318
rad50-RE
FBtr0305323
NM_001259532
4068
1318
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
rad50-PD
FBpp0290882
152.2
1318
7.63
Q9W252
NP_726199
AAF46847
rad50-PE
FBpp0293866
152.1
1318
7.72
A0A0B4K7L0
NP_001246461
AFH08214
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer. Probable component of the MRN complex with mre11 (By similarity).

(UniProt, Q9W252)
Domain

The zinc-hook, which separates the large intramolecular coiled coil regions, contains 2 Cys residues that coordinate one molecule of zinc with the help of the 2 Cys residues of the zinc-hook of another RAD50 molecule, thereby forming a V-shaped homodimer. The two heads of the homodimer, which constitute the ATP-binding domain, interact with the MRE11 homodimer (By similarity).

(UniProt, Q9W252)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\rad50 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.44

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in condensed chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Ciapponi et al., 2004)
part_of Mre11 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Gao et al., 2009)
located_in nucleus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ciapponi et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\rad50 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of rad50
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of rad50
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Exel7173
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\RAD50
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Rad50
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Rad50
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\rad50
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ntf4
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\rad50
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\rad-50
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003676
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\RAD50
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\TTN8
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\RAD50
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\rad50
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\sbcC
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:rad50. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    rad50EP1
    ameliorates  tauopathy
    modeled by Hsap\MAPTR406W.UAS
    (Tuxworth et al., 2019)
    ameliorates  ataxia telangiectasia
    modeled by tefuRNAi.UAS
    (Rimkus et al., 2008)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    RAD50; RAD50 double strand break repair protein
    13 of 14
    604040
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      Select Layout:
      Legend:
      Protein
      RNA
      Selected Interactor(s)
      Interactions Browser
      View in Interactions Browser
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      MIST Molecular Interaction Search Tool
      View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      rad50 - His2Av
      pull down, western blot
      (Dronamraju and Mason, 2009)
      rad50 - Su(var)205
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, pull down
      (Bosso et al., 2019)
      rad50 - Tctp
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Hong and Choi, 2013)
      rad50 - mre11
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, comigration in non denaturing gel electrophoresis, peptide massfingerprinting
      (On et al., 2021, Kusch, 2015, Gao et al., 2009)
      rad50 - mu2
      pull down, western blot
      (Dronamraju and Mason, 2009)
      rad50 - nbs
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Gao et al., 2009)
      rad50 - p38a
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
      (Belozerov et al., 2012)
      rad50 - p38b
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
      (Belozerov et al., 2012)
      rad50 - p38c
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
      (Belozerov et al., 2012)
      rad50 - tefu
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Hong and Choi, 2013)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      View in Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      rad50
      enhanceable
      aurA
      (Merigliano et al., 2019)
      rad50
      enhanceable
      mei-41
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      rad50
      enhanceable
      nbs
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      rad50
      enhanceable
      tefu
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      aurA
      enhanceable
      rad50
      (Merigliano et al., 2019)
      mei-41
      enhanceable
      rad50
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      nbs
      enhanceable
      rad50
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      tefu
      suppressible
      rad50
      (Rimkus et al., 2008)
      tefu
      enhanceable
      rad50
      (Ciapponi et al., 2006)
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Homodimer. Probable component of the MRN complex with mre11 (By similarity).
      (UniProt, Q9W252 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-100
      Cytogenetic map
      58E1-58E1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      58E1-58E1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k13211k13211&P{EP}EP827 and P{PZ}l(2)rG270rG270
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-100

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-105.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (4)
      Genomic Clones (15)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (13)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Gao et al., 2009)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Mutants show high levels of spontaneous telomere fusion and chromosome breakage in dividing cells.

          (Ciapponi et al., 2004)

          rad50-deficient larvae are not sensitive to ionizing radiation, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and the cross-linking, bifunctional nitrogen mustard - Mechlorethamine (MEC). Tergites, failing to develop properly, are the cause of severe impairment of the segmentation of the fly abdomen of rad50 deficient flies. Eyes and wings of rad50-/- flies are irregularly shaped. rad50 mutants show elevated levels of anaphase bridges in dividing cells of the brains and the imaginal discs of the third instar larvae.

          (Gorski and Eeken, 2002)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: rad50 CG6339

          (Gorski and Eeken, 2002.3.21)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          6339
          (Ravi et al., 2009)
          CG6339
          (Meadows, 2017.9.14, Çiçek et al., 2016, Christis and Munro, 2012, Muha et al., 2012, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Wheeler et al., 2004, Huet et al., 2002)
          Dmrad50
          (Gorski and Eeken, 2002)
          RAD50
          (Dronamraju and Mason, 2009, Rimkus et al., 2008, Cenci et al., 2005)
          Rad-50
          (Láscarez-Lagunas et al., 2020)
          Rad50
          (Landmann et al., 2020, Murcia et al., 2019, Kusch, 2015, Barclay et al., 2014, Hong and Choi, 2013, Morciano et al., 2013, Raffa et al., 2013, Muha et al., 2012, Kurzhals et al., 2011, Raffa et al., 2011, Gao et al., 2009, Gao et al., 2009, Gao et al., 2008, Hochwagen, 2006, Holmes et al., 2006, Brodsky et al., 2004, Gorski et al., 2004, Mason et al., 2004, Purdy and Su, 2004)
          dRad50
          (Porrazzo et al., 2022)
          rad50
          (Lee et al., 2023, Cancian et al., 2022, Porrazzo et al., 2022, Porrazzo et al., 2022, Bonfini et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Winbush and Singh, 2021, Landmann et al., 2020, Bosso et al., 2019, Khan et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Merigliano et al., 2019, Tuxworth et al., 2019, Baillon et al., 2018, Lou et al., 2017, Sekelsky, 2017, Appel et al., 2015, Aradska et al., 2015, Cenci et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Barclay et al., 2014, Mishra et al., 2013, Raffa et al., 2013, Belozerov et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Kurzhals et al., 2011, Reis et al., 2011, Iijima et al., 2010, Anderson et al., 2009, Gao et al., 2009, Morciano et al., 2009, Cenci et al., 2008, Musarò et al., 2008, Akdemir et al., 2007, Oikemus et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Ciapponi et al., 2006, Oikemus et al., 2006, Raffa et al., 2005, Wheeler et al., 2004)
          Name Synonyms
          rad50
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 52 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            References (111)