FB2024_03 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\ths
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ths
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
thisbe
Annotation Symbol
CG12443
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0033652
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
41 publicly available
Gene Summary
thisbe (ths) encodes is a Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ligand for the FGF receptor encoded by htl. It regulates the development of somatic and visceral muscle in the mesoderm, cardioblasts and glial cells. Its roles include acting as a chemoattractant in directional cell migration, and regulating adhesion, differentiation, and cell survival. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

FGF8-like1, Neu4

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
48C2-48C4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-65
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:11756817..11814424
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables receptor ligand activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kadam et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables fibroblast growth factor receptor binding
traceable author statement
(Itoh and Ornitz, 2004)
enables growth factor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002209
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables receptor ligand activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002205845
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (15 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (14 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pyr; FB:FBgn0033649
(Klingseisen et al., 2009)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pnt; FB:FBgn0003118
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McMahon et al., 2010, Kadam et al., 2009, Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
involved_in glial cell development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stork et al., 2014)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pyr; FB:FBgn0033649
(Stork et al., 2014)
involved_in glial cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
involved_in lamellocyte differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
involved_in larval somatic muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Klingseisen et al., 2009)
involved_in larval visceral muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Reim et al., 2012)
involved_in lymph gland crystal cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
involved_in lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
involved_in mesoderm development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Klingseisen et al., 2009)
involved_in mesodermal cell fate commitment
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McMahon et al., 2010)
involved_in mesodermal cell fate specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kadam et al., 2009)
involved_in mesodermal cell migration
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pyr; FB:FBgn0033649
(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(McMahon et al., 2010, Kadam et al., 2009)
involved_in myoblast migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Reim et al., 2012)
involved_in positive regulation of glial cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in signal transduction
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002205845
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Tulin and Stathopoulos, 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002205845
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
thisbe (ths) encodes is a Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ligand for the FGF receptor encoded by htl. It regulates the development of somatic and visceral muscle in the mesoderm, cardioblasts and glial cells. Its roles include acting as a chemoattractant in directional cell migration, and regulating adhesion, differentiation, and cell survival. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS -
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are a family of secreted ligands that bind and activate Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinases. (Adapted from FBrf0179928).
Pathway (FlyBase)
FGFR Signaling Pathway Core Components -
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

FGFs involved in mesodermal development - ligands for Heartless - Thisbe, released from olfactory neurons, particularly from local interneurons, instructs ensheathing glia to wrap each glomerulus

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ths for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q6Q7I9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
ths-RA
FBtr0088030
NM_136857
2927
748
ths-RB
FBtr0304622
NM_001259339
7498
737
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
ths-PA
FBpp0087137
82.2
748
9.54
Q6Q7I9
NP_610701
AAF58621
ths-PB
FBpp0293164
80.9
737
9.54
A0A0B4K7X1
NP_001246268
AFH08022
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ths using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.65

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 5
ventral neurectoderm
(Gryzik and Muller, 2004, Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
ectoderm anlage

Comment: broad lateral stripes

(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
neurogenic region
(Markstein et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 7
cephalic furrow
(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
amnioproctodeal invagination
(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
neurogenic region
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 8
ectoderm

Comment: in the entire germ band except for a narrow ventral stripe of mesectoderm cells

(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
ventral neurectoderm

Comment: NOT ventral midline

(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 8 -- 10
neurogenic region
(Kadam et al., 2009)
ectoderm

Comment: distinct from pyr expression

(Kadam et al., 2009)
embryonic stage 10
ventral neurectoderm | dorsal
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 10 -- 11
mesoderm | dorsal | segmentally repeated

Comment: 7 faint spots adjacent to pericardial cells

(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 11
neuroblast of ventral nervous system | subset
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
visceral muscle primordium
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 13
visceral muscle primordium
(Reim et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
proctodeum | vicinity of
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
stomodeum | vicinity of
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
embryonic/larval foregut
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
muscle attachment site
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
third instar larval stage
terminal filament cell
(Irizarry and Stathopoulos, 2015)
larval swarm cell
(Irizarry and Stathopoulos, 2015)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism
(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
Additional Descriptive Data

In stage 8-10 embryos, pyr and ths are expressed in distinct, nonoverlapping regions of the ectoderm.

(Kadam et al., 2009)

ths is expressed in the cells that serve as substrate for mesoderm cells during migration.

(Gryzik and Muller, 2004)

Transcript is expressed in broad lateral stripes in the presumptive neurogenic ectoderm.

(Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Tulin and Stathopoulos, 2010)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: Mi{Trojan-GAL4.1}thsMI07139-TG4.1
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
mesothoracic tergum primordium
(Patel et al., 2022)
adult stage
projection neuron | subset
(Wu et al., 2017)
adult olfactory receptor neuron | subset
(Wu et al., 2017)
intrinsic neuron | subset
(Wu et al., 2017)
Reporter: P{CG12444.75.eve-lacZ}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 5
neurogenic region
(Markstein et al., 2004)
Reporter: P{GMR79G07-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage & female -- prepupal stage P1 & female
terminal filament cell | subset
(Allbee et al., 2018)
Reporter: P{GMR79H07-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
larval terminal filament cell
(Irizarry and Stathopoulos, 2015)
Reporter: P{ths-lacZ.510}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 5
ectoderm anlage

Comment: broad lateral stripes

(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 6 -- 8
ectoderm
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ths in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 19 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ths
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ths
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)BSC25
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
Df(2R)ths238
(Kadam et al., 2009)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable (with Df(2R)ths238)
Sterility
Allele
female sterile (with Df(2R)ths238)
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 12
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 12, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 12 (with Df(2R)BSC25)
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 13
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 13, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 13 (with Df(2R)BSC25)
abnormal flight, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage
decreased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
decreased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4orb-0449-G4
decreased cell number | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
decreased cell number | P-stage (with ths759)
decreased cell number | P-stage (with thse02026)
decreased cell number | P-stage | female (with Df(2R)ths238)
decreased fecundity | female (with Df(2R)ths238)
decreased occurrence of cell division | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
increased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mz19
increased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
some die during embryonic stage
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
actin filament | female (with Df(2R)ths238)
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4orb-0449-G4
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage (with ths759)
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage (with thse02026)
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage | increased number, with Scer\GAL4Mz19
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage | increased number, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or47b | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or47b | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or88a | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
adult olfactory receptor neuron Or88a | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
antennal lobe | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
antennal lobe | P-stage (with ths759)
antennal lobe | P-stage (with thse02026)
antennal lobe glomerulus | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
antennal lobe glomerulus | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4orb-0449-G4
antennal lobe glomerulus DA1 | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mz19
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1d | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1d | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mz19
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1d | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1d | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1v | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1v | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Or47b.7.467
antennal lobe glomerulus VA1v | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
astrocyte-like glial cell | embryonic stage
cytoneme | decreased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ths-MI07139-TG4.1
embryonic/larval midgut longitudinal visceral muscle cell | embryonic stage 17
embryonic/larval midgut longitudinal visceral muscle cell | embryonic stage 17, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
embryonic/larval midgut longitudinal visceral muscle cell | embryonic stage 17, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
embryonic/larval midgut longitudinal visceral muscle cell | third instar larval stage
embryonic pericardial cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL469B
embryonic precursor cell of adult muscle | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
embryonic precursor cell of adult muscle | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ths-MI07139-TG4.1
eye photoreceptor cell, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
glial cell
glial cell, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
glial cell, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
glial cell (with Df(2R)BSC25)
glial cell projection | embryonic stage
hypodermal muscle of A1-7 | embryonic stage
hypodermal muscle of A1-7 | embryonic stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
larval migrating sheath cell of ovary | P-stage | decreased number (with Df(2R)ths238)
larval sheath cell of ovary | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 12
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 12, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 12, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 12 (with Df(2R)BSC25)
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 13
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 13, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 13, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 13 (with Df(2R)BSC25)
mesoderm
muscle cell of ventral oblique muscle 4
muscle cell of ventral oblique muscle 5
muscle cell of ventral oblique muscle 6
oocyte (with Df(2R)ths238)
ovarian sheath | absent (with Df(2R)ths238)
ovarian sheath muscle cell | P-stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
ovary (with Df(2R)ths238)
peritoneal sheath muscle cell | absent (with Df(2R)ths238)
segment border muscle cell
ventral acute muscle 1 | embryonic stage
ventral acute muscle 2 | embryonic stage
ventral acute muscle 3 | embryonic stage
ventral acute muscle 3 | embryonic stage (with Df(2R)ths238)
ventral oblique muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
wing disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
wing disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ths-MI07139-TG4.1
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\FGF8
1 of 14
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Fgf8
1 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Fgf8
1 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\fgf8a
1 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\fgf18b
1 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\egl-17
1 of 14
Yes
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011153
3 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ths. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Other Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    Other Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    ths
    suppressible
    pyr
    (Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    pyr
    suppressible
    ths
    (Reim et al., 2012)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    FGFR Signaling Pathway Core Components -
    Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-65
    Cytogenetic map
    48C2-48C4
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    48C2-48C4
    ; Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}walEP825&P{PZ}wal02516 and P{PZ}Ef1α48D01275
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-65

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-65.9

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (41)
    Genomic Clones (41)
    cDNA Clones (2)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
              RNAi and Array Information
              Linkouts
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Antibody Information
              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
               
              Commercially Available Antibodies
               
              Cell Line Information
              Publicly Available Cell Lines
               
                Other Stable Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Comments

                  The htl FGF receptor autonomously controls astrocyte membrane growth in the embryo. The FGFs pyr and ths direct astrocyte processes to ramify specifically in central nervous system synaptic regions.

                  (Stork et al., 2014)

                  pyr and ths show redundancy in the process of mesoderm spreading during gastrulation. pyr is required for formation of cellular protrusions during dorsolateral migration of the mesoderm and for differentiation of pericardial and cardioblast lineages. Other mesodermal lineages, however, require both ths and pyr for their consistent specification.

                  (Klingseisen et al., 2009)

                  Loss of function mutants show loss of cardiac tissues and hindgut musculature. Misexpression of ths results in expansion of dorsal mesoderm lineages.

                  (Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database merge of
                  Additional comments
                  Nomenclature History
                  Source for database identify of

                  Source for identity of: Neu4 CG12443

                  (Stathopoulos et al., 2003, Stathopoulos et al., 2002)

                  Source for identity of: ths Neu4

                  (Stathopoulos, 2004.2.23)
                  Nomenclature comments
                  Etymology

                  The genes "pyramus" and "thisbe" are named for the "heartbroken" lovers described in Ovid's Metamorphoses because the genes are linked and the mutant phenotype shows a lack of heart.

                  (Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
                  Reported As
                  Symbol Synonym
                  CG12443
                  (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Gryzik and Muller, 2004, Markstein et al., 2004, Butler et al., 2003, Markstein et al., 2003, Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
                  DFGF8-1
                  (Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
                  DmThs
                  (Englund et al., 2006)
                  FGF8-like1
                  (Bridi et al., 2020, van Impel et al., 2009, Montell, 2006, Gryzik and Muller, 2004)
                  Neu4
                  (Saunders et al., 2013, Tulin and Stathopoulos, 2010, Leptin and Affolter, 2004)
                  THS
                  (Riahi et al., 2021)
                  Ths
                  (Tsao et al., 2020, Jordán-Álvarez et al., 2017, Mbodj et al., 2016, Mbodj et al., 2013, Muha and Müller, 2013, Grigorian et al., 2011, Winklbauer and Müller, 2011, Tulin and Stathopoulos, 2010)
                  fgf8-like
                  (Leptin and Affolter, 2004)
                  thisbe
                  (Doupé et al., 2018)
                  ths
                  (Albright et al., 2022, Anllo and DiNardo, 2022, Patel et al., 2022, Tarikere et al., 2022, Everetts et al., 2021, Jay et al., 2021, Ou et al., 2021, Slaidina et al., 2021, Bridi et al., 2020, Cang and Nie, 2020, Gheisari et al., 2020, Schloop et al., 2020, Slaidina et al., 2020, Stepanik et al., 2020, Sun et al., 2020, Banerjee et al., 2019, Mele and Johnson, 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Jia et al., 2018, Schwarz et al., 2018, Sun and Stathopoulos, 2018, Richier et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Wu et al., 2017, Moulton and Letsou, 2016, Sandler and Stathopoulos, 2016, Montgomery et al., 2014, Stork et al., 2014, Lagha et al., 2013, Muha and Müller, 2013, Avet-Rochex et al., 2012, Edwards et al., 2012, Reeves et al., 2012, Reim et al., 2012, Yáñez-Cuna et al., 2012, Clark et al., 2011, Sen et al., 2011, McMahon et al., 2010, Boettiger and Levine, 2009, Franzdóttir et al., 2009, Kadam et al., 2009, Klingseisen et al., 2009, Stathopoulos et al., 2008, Sandmann et al., 2007, Urbach, 2007, Zeitlinger et al., 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, Montell, 2006, Stathopoulos and Levine, 2005)
                  Name Synonyms
                  Thisbe
                  (Bittern et al., 2021, Ko and Martin, 2020, Ahmad, 2017, Stork et al., 2014, Muha and Müller, 2013, Sopko and Perrimon, 2013, Grigorian et al., 2011, Levine, 2011, Silies and Klämbt, 2011, Winklbauer and Müller, 2011, Tulin and Stathopoulos, 2010, Kadam et al., 2009, Stathopoulos et al., 2008, Englund et al., 2006)
                  thisbe
                  (Mazina et al., 2022, Tarikere et al., 2022, Destalminil-Letourneau et al., 2021, Ramond et al., 2020, Litovchenko and Laurent, 2016, Lagha et al., 2013, Edwards et al., 2012, Reim et al., 2012, McMahon et al., 2010, Boettiger and Levine, 2009, Klingseisen et al., 2009, Firth and Baker, 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, Montell, 2006, Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
                  Secondary FlyBase IDs
                    Datasets (0)
                    Study focus (0)
                    Experimental Role
                    Project
                    Project Type
                    Title
                    Study result (0)
                    Result
                    Result Type
                    Title
                    External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 32 )
                    Sequence Crossreferences
                    NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                    GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                    GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                    RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                    UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                    UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                    Other crossreferences
                    AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                    FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                    InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                    KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                    MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                    Linkouts
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                    FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                    Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                    References (136)