FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\skd
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\skd
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
skuld
Annotation Symbol
CG9936
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003415
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
26 publicly available
Gene Summary
skuld (skd) encodes a subunit of the kinase module of the mediator complex. It is not required for all the transcriptional functions of mediator, but links it to a set of transcription factors that are involved in developmental signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Med13, pap, bli, flytrap, blind spot

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
78A2-78A2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:20992814..21027434
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VW47
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P25008
(Loncle et al., 2007)
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables transcription coactivator activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000310508
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables transcription coregulator activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:22474
(Boube et al., 2000)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009401
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cell fate commitment
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Scr; FB:FBgn0003339
(Boube et al., 2000)
involved_in chaeta development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in compound eye development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007)
involved_in larval somatic muscle development
inferred from expression pattern
(Dobi et al., 2014)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dobi et al., 2014)
involved_in positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carrera et al., 2008)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
involved_in sex comb development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Loncle et al., 2007, Boube et al., 2000)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Scr; FB:FBgn0003339
(Boube et al., 2000)
involved_in wing disc dorsal/ventral pattern formation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Bx; FB:FBgn0265598,FLYBASE:ap; FB:FBgn0267978
(Bejarano et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000310508
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009401
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:22474
(Boube et al., 2000)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CKM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Loncle et al., 2007)
part_of core mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:MED17; FB:FBgn0038578
(Marr et al., 2014)
part_of mediator complex
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycC; FB:FBgn0004597,FLYBASE:Cdk8; FB:FBgn0015618
(Loncle et al., 2007)
located_in nucleoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Boube et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of mediator complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009401
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:22474
(Boube et al., 2000)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000310508
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the Mediator complex subunit 13 family. (Q7KTX8)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
skuld (skd) encodes a subunit of the kinase module of the mediator complex. It is not required for all the transcriptional functions of mediator, but links it to a set of transcription factors that are involved in developmental signaling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Pathway (FlyBase)
Positive Regulators of Wnt-TCF Signaling Pathway -
Positive regulators of Wnt-TCF (canonical Wnt) signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the enhancement of transcriptional regulation mediated by β-catenin (arm).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CKM COMPLEX -
The CKM complex is a Cdk8 kinase module which reversibly associates with the Mediator complex (MED) and modulates the transcription coregulator activity of MED. (Adapted from FBrf0191850.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene-specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required for leg and eye development and macrochaete specification or differentiation. Negatively regulates sex comb development. Required for activated transcription of the MtnB and MtnD genes.
(UniProt, Q7KTX8)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
skd: skuld (J.A. Kennison)
Isolated as a dominant suppressor of Pc mutations. Associated with recessive lethality at the larval-pupal transition. Also interacts with Pcl, Scr, and Ubx mutations. May weakly suppress AntpNs.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\skd for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7KTX8)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
skd-RC
FBtr0078329
NM_168879
11414
2618
skd-RD
FBtr0078328
NM_079914
10465
2618
skd-RE
FBtr0112830
NM_168880
10703
2768
skd-RF
FBtr0333284
NM_001275205
9982
2601
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
skd-PC
FBpp0077985
280.0
2618
6.54
Q7KTX8
NP_730590
AAN12148
skd-PD
FBpp0077984
280.0
2618
6.54
Q7KTX8
NP_524653
AAN12149
skd-PE
FBpp0111743
295.7
2768
6.82
A8JNW4
NP_730591
AAN12150
skd-PF
FBpp0305479
278.2
2601
6.53
M9PD50
NP_001262134
AGB94827
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

2618 aa isoforms: skd-PC, skd-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Cdk8 module of the Mediator complex, composed of CycC, Cdk8, kto and skd.

(UniProt, Q7KTX8)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\skd using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.78

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
organism | ubiquitous
• nucleus
(Janody et al., 2003)
third instar larval stage
eye disc | ubiquitous
(Lim et al., 2007)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CKM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Loncle et al., 2007)
part_of core mediator complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:MED17; FB:FBgn0038578
(Marr et al., 2014)
part_of mediator complex
inferred from direct assay
(Janody et al., 2003)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycC; FB:FBgn0004597,FLYBASE:Cdk8; FB:FBgn0015618
(Loncle et al., 2007)
located_in nucleoplasm
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Boube et al., 2000)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: PBac{681.P.FSVS-1}skdCPTI001170
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult brain cell body rind
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\skd in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 47 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of skd
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of skd
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
long lived | calorie restriction conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
visible | dominant | maternal effect
visible | somatic clone
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult abdomen | maternal effect
adult abdominal fat mass, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
antennal disc
embryonic/larval crystal cell
embryonic/larval mouth
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PFa, Scer\GAL4ey.200.Exel
eye | somatic clone - Minute background
eye disc
leg | somatic clone - Minute background
lipid droplet | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
maxillary palp | somatic clone
mesothoracic bristle | somatic clone
mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
mitotic cell cycle
photoreceptor neuron
prothoracic leg | distal | somatic clone
prothoracic tarsal segment | somatic clone
scutellar bristle | ectopic
sex comb | cell autonomous | ectopic | somatic clone
sex comb tooth | somatic clone
wing | somatic clone
wing disc | somatic clone
wing disc | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
wing margin, with Scer\GAL4vg.PM
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\MED13
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\MED13L
12 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Med13
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Med13l
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Med13
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Med13l
11 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\med13
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\med13l
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\fbxl7
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC108646291
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\med13b
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\med13a
12 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\let-19
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006436
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\GCT
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\SSN2
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\med13
3 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:skd. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
skdHMS01305
model of  obesity
CEA
(Lee et al., 2014)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
MED13; mediator complex subunit 13
13 of 14
603808
    MED13L; mediator complex subunit 13L
    12 of 14
    608771
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      Select Layout:
      Legend:
      Protein
      RNA
      Selected Interactor(s)
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      skd - Cdk8
      pull down, autoradiography, experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Chen et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Loncle et al., 2007)
      skd - Cpsf6
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - CycC
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid, pull down, autoradiography
      (Chen et al., 2012, Loncle et al., 2007)
      skd - EcR
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
      (Xie et al., 2015)
      skd - MED1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Immarigeon et al., 2019)
      skd - MED11
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED14
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, experimental knowledge based
      (Marr et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED15
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED16
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED17
      experimental knowledge based, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Marr et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED18
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED23
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED30
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED31
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Janody et al., 2003)
      skd - MED4
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED7
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - MED8
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - Ptip
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - Su(H)
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Janody and Treisman, 2011)
      skd - Usp10
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - ato
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Lim et al., 2007)
      skd - ci
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Mao et al., 2014)
      skd - dsh
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - ebi
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      skd - kto
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Mao et al., 2014, Marr et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Janody et al., 2003)
      skd - pygo
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Carrera et al., 2008)
      skd - usp
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
      (Xie et al., 2015)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      skd
      enhanceable
      kto
      (Janody et al., 2003)
      skd|Scr
      enhanceable
      MED17
      (Boube et al., 2000)
      skd|pb
      suppressible
      Scr
      (Boube et al., 2000)
      skd
      enhanceable
      sxc
      (Mariappa et al., 2018)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Antp
      suppressible
      skd
      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
      ap|Bx
      suppressible
      skd
      (Bejarano et al., 2008)
      arm
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Lee et al., 2014)
      btl|stumps
      suppressible
      skd
      (Zhu et al., 2005)
      Bx
      suppressible
      skd
      (Bejarano et al., 2008)
      CycE
      suppressible
      skd
      (Brumby et al., 2002)
      E(z)
      suppressible
      skd
      (Bajusz et al., 2001)
      Hcf
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Rodriguez-Jato et al., 2011)
      kto
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Janody et al., 2003)
      MED31
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Bosveld et al., 2008)
      Not1
      suppressible
      skd
      (Vissers et al., 2020)
      Not1
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Vissers et al., 2020)
      pb
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Boube et al., 2000)
      pb
      enhanceable
      MED17|skd
      (Boube et al., 2000)
      Pc
      suppressible
      skd
      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
      Pcl
      suppressible
      skd
      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
      Pvr
      suppressible
      skd
      (Zhu et al., 2005)
      Scr
      suppressible
      skd
      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
      Scr
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Boube et al., 2000)
      sev|Ras85D
      suppressible
      skd
      (Maixner et al., 1998)
      tna
      enhanceable
      skd
      (Gutierrez et al., 2003)
      Ubx
      suppressible
      skd
      (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Component of the Cdk8 module of the Mediator complex, composed of CycC, Cdk8, kto and skd.
      (UniProt, Q7KTX8 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Positive Regulators of Wnt-TCF Signaling Pathway -
      Positive regulators of Wnt-TCF (canonical Wnt) signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the enhancement of transcriptional regulation mediated by β-catenin (arm).
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3L
      Recombination map
      3-47
      Cytogenetic map
      78A2-78A2
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      78A2-78A2
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}fngEP3082&P{lacW}skdL7062 and P{lacW}l(3)L5541L5541
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      78A2-78A2
      (Treisman, 2000.3.3, Treisman, 2000.11.27)
      78A2-78A3
      (Bourbon, 2000.1.21)
      76A2-76A3
      (Bourbon, 2000.1.21)
      78A-78A
      (Nairz, 2000.1.19)
      78A1-78A2
      (determined by in situ hybridisation) 78A2--3 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling et al., 1999)
      78A-78A
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Cribbs, 1998.3.11)
      78A1-78A2
      (determined by in situ hybridisation) 78A2--3
      (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-47

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-43.8

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      3-

      (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)

      3-51

      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes

      Shows low recombination frequency with Ki mutants.

      (Cribbs, 1998.3.11)
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (26)
      Genomic Clones (30)
      cDNA Clones (43)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Janody et al., 2003)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          dsRNA has been made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene.

          (Marr et al., 2006)

          Both skd and kto are required to establish normal cell affinity differences at the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral compartment boundaries of the wing disc.

          (Janody et al., 2003)

          skd and kto seem to act together to promote specific cell fate decisions, transmitting either a novel signal or a combination of signals.

          (Treisman, 2001)

          skd is required for the normal progression of photoreceptor differentiation in the eye disc and for the normal patterning of other imaginal discs.

          (Treisman, 2000)

          Loss of skd function appears to arrest cells in the eye disc at an early stage of their differentiation.

          (Treisman, 2000)

          skd is required for viability.

          (Bourbon et al., 1998)

          P-element-induced mutations have been isolated as dominant modifiers in combination with pb gain-of-function transgenes (HSPB). These modifiers are selected by their effects on specific cell identities sensitive to Ras85D signaling activities. One modifier, skd, favors the appearance of sex comb teeth on the more distal second tarsal segment of the T1 leg. skd also modifies the action of pb hypomorphs in mouthparts development, favoring the appearance of sex comb teeth on the adult labial palps. Animals lacking zygotic function die at the end of embryogenesis with mouthparts defects. Hypomorphic alleles from imprecise P excisions show abdominal defects and female sterility.

          (Bourbon et al., 1998)

          Sections of the Scr regulatory region may be important for regulation of Scr by Polycomb- and trithorax-group genes.

          (Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995)

          skd is one of the 18 loci identified in a screen for dominant modifiers of Pc and/or Antp phenotypes. Alleles of Pc, Pcl, Scm, Dll, brm, kto, Scr and trx show clear dominant enhancement or suppression of AntpScx, whereas alleles of vtd, Vha55, Su(Pc)37D, urd, mor, skd and osa do not.

          (Kennison and Tamkun, 1988)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: pap CG9936

          (Nairz, 2000.4.5)

          Source for merge of: pap l(3)L7062

          (Fernandez-Funez et al., 2000)

          Source for merge of: pap bli l(3)rK760

          (Treisman, 2001)

          Source for merge of: skd pap

          (Gutierrez et al., 2003)

          Source for merge of: pap flytrap

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments

          snoRNA:skd-a is encoded in an intron of skd.

          (Graveley et al., 2011)

          Source for merge of pap flytrap was sequence comparison ( date:000315 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology

          'poils aux pattes' is French for 'hairy legs'.

          (Bourbon et al., 1998)
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (36)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CG9936
          (Meadows, 2018.10.31, Zhang et al., 2016, Dahlberg et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Quinones-Coello, 2007)
          LD28662
          (Herold et al., 2003)
          MED13
          (Chatterjee and Perrimon, 2021, Vissers et al., 2020, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Lebedeva et al., 2007, Marr et al., 2006, Kim and Lis, 2005, Bourbon et al., 2004)
          Med13
          (DeHaro-Arbona et al., 2024, Ren et al., 2022, Li et al., 2020, Immarigeon et al., 2019, Dobi et al., 2014, Kuuluvainen et al., 2014, Marr et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2012, Gobert et al., 2010, Loncle et al., 2007)
          Pap
          (Ross et al., 2003)
          Pap/Trap
          (Zoghbi and Botas, 2002, Fernandez-Funez et al., 2000)
          SKD
          (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014)
          SPH203
          (Ross et al., 2003)
          Scad78
          (Nakamura et al., 2001)
          Skd
          (Li et al., 2022, Wang et al., 2014, Janody and Treisman, 2011, Lim et al., 2007, Guglielmi et al., 2004)
          Skd/Med13
          (Loncle et al., 2005)
          Skd/Pap/Bli
          (Bourbon et al., 2004)
          Srb9/AMIB/PAP/TRAP240
          (Boube et al., 2002)
          TRAP240
          (Lebedeva, 2005, Lebedeva et al., 2005, Johnson et al., 2001)
          Trap240
          (Kim and Lis, 2005)
          bli
          (Carrera et al., 2003, Janody et al., 2002, Treisman, 2001, Treisman, 2000.3.3, Treisman, 2000.11.27)
          bls
          (Treisman, 2000)
          dMED13
          (Bosveld et al., 2008)
          dTRAP240
          (Park et al., 2001, Boube et al., 2000)
          dTrap240
          (Gim et al., 2001)
          dmMED13
          (Lebedeva, 2005, Lebedeva et al., 2005)
          l(3)L7062
          l(3)rK760
          (Spradling et al., 1999)
          pap
          (Bejarano et al., 2008, Hall et al., 2004, Milchanowski et al., 2004, Giot et al., 2003, Rebeiz et al., 2002, Gim et al., 2001, Bourbon et al., 1998, Cribbs, 1998.3.11)
          pap/dTRAP240
          (Bourbon et al., 2001)
          siren9
          (de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
          skd
          (Cao et al., 2023, Pelletier et al., 2023, Falo-Sanjuan and Bray, 2022, Miozzo et al., 2022, Ren et al., 2022, Martin et al., 2021, Feuillette et al., 2020, Kuang et al., 2020, Arbel et al., 2019, Dasari et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Zhang et al., 2016, Dahlberg et al., 2015, Xie et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Mao et al., 2014, Tang et al., 2013, Vasanthi et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Graveley et al., 2011, Rodriguez-Jato et al., 2011, Rohn et al., 2011, Bhatia et al., 2010, Silicheva et al., 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Branco et al., 2008, Carrera et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Christensen et al., 2008.7.11, FlyBase Curators, 2008-, Petruk et al., 2008, Vázquez et al., 2008, Buszczak et al., 2007, Chang et al., 2007, de Ayala Alonso et al., 2007)
          skd/MED13
          (Zhang et al., 2016)
          Name Synonyms
          Mediator complex subunit 13
          (Bourbon et al., 2004)
          Poils aux pattes
          (Gim et al., 2001)
          Skuld
          (Kingston and Tamkun, 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Janody and Treisman, 2011, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Lim et al., 2007)
          Suppressor of constitutively activated Dpp signaling 78
          (Nakamura et al., 2001)
          blind spot
          (Carrera et al., 2003, Treisman and Lang, 2002, Treisman, 2000, Treisman, 2000.11.27)
          flytrap
          (Nairz, 2000.1.19, Nairz, 2000.4.5, Nairz, 2000.4.5, Nairz, 2000.4.5)
          poils aux pattes
          (Hall et al., 2004, Rebeiz et al., 2002, Bourbon et al., 1998)
          skuld
          (Zaytseva and Quinn, 2017, Tang et al., 2013, Davis et al., 2011, Rodriguez-Jato et al., 2011, Potter et al., 2010, Edwards et al., 2009, Bejarano et al., 2008, Branco et al., 2008, Carrera et al., 2008, Kim and Lis, 2005)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0024200
          • FBgn0024569
          • FBgn0024577
          • FBgn0037043
          • FBgn0041162
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 70 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (165)