FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\px
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\px
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
plexus
Annotation Symbol
CG4444
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003175
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
85 publicly available
Gene Summary
plexus (px) encodes a ubiquitously expressed nuclear matrix protein required to restrict excess wing vein development by repressing transcription of the pro-vein gene rho. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(2)k08316

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
58E4-58E8
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-100
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:22494297..22562065
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (2 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Matakatsu et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing vein morphogenesis
traceable author statement
(de Celis, 2003)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nuclear matrix
inferred from direct assay
(Matakatsu et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    plexus (px) encodes a ubiquitously expressed nuclear matrix protein required to restrict excess wing vein development by repressing transcription of the pro-vein gene rho. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
    Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
    px: plexus
    thumb
    px: plexus
    From "Edith M. Wallace, unpublished."
    Wings have network of extra veins, especially towards tips and margins; L4 vein bent near tip. Semidominant with some Minutes. Suppressed by S (Bedichek, 1936, DIS 4: 24); suppresses expression of ve (Thompson, 1973, DIS 50: 59). Venation effect caused by inadequate contraction of wing during pupal stage, leaving spaces between epithelial layers (Waddington, 1940). Vein patterns of px flies studied in lines selected for increased or decreased expression (Thompson, 1974).
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    6
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    6

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\px for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W244)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

    Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

    Gene model reviewed during 5.45

    Gene model reviewed during 5.48

    Stop-codon suppression (UGA) postulated; FBrf0243886.

    Double stop-codon suppression (UGA, UAA) postulated; FBrf0243886.

    Gene model reviewed during 6.32

    Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
    gene_with_stop_codon_read_through
    (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2020, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2019-)
    nuclear_gene
    protein_coding_gene
    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    px-RA
    FBtr0071838
    NM_166535
    6842
    1995
    px-RB
    FBtr0112820
    NM_001103947
    5214
    1535
    px-RD
    FBtr0331941
    NM_001274206
    4365
    944
    px-RE
    FBtr0331942
    NM_001274207
    8360
    1916
    px-RF
    FBtr0479815
    NM_001382123
    8340
    1926
    px-RG
    FBtr0479816
    NM_001382124
    8340
    1959
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)

    7.3, 5.8, 5.3 (northern blot)

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    px-PA
    FBpp0071749
    213.9
    1995
    8.77
    Q9W244
    NP_726208
    AAF46855
    px-PB
    FBpp0111732
    164.1
    1535
    8.94
    A8DYM2
    NP_001097417
    ABV53884
    px-PD
    FBpp0304274
    98.7
    944
    9.10
    A0A0B4KFF4
    NP_001261135
    AGB93666
    px-PE
    FBpp0304275
    206.0
    1916
    8.80
    A0A0B4KGB8
    NP_001261136
    AGB93667
    px-PF
    FBpp0428148
    207.1
    1926
    8.80
    QJC18734
    px-PG
    FBpp0428149
    211.0
    1959
    8.83
    QJC18735
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)

    1990 (aa); 213 (kD predicted)

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\px using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -1.54

    Transcript Expression
    northern blot
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage & larval stage
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    7.3kb px transcripts are detected in embryos and larvae on northern blots.

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)

    5.3kb px transcripts are detected in embryos and larvae on northern blots.

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)

    5.8kb px transcripts are detected in embryos and larvae on northern blots.

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 8
    cell
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    third instar larval stage
    wing disc
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    wing pouch
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    salivary gland
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    px protein is ubiquitously distributed in the third instar larval wing disc.

    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in nuclear matrix
    inferred from direct assay
    (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\px in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 57 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of px
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of px
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
    Hsap\GSE1
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
    Rnor\Gse1
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
    Mmus\Gse1
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
    Xtro\gse1
    3 of 13
    Yes
    Yes
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
    Drer\gse1b
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP001608
    9 of 12
    Yes
    Yes
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:px. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Gene Symbol
    Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
    CG46298
    1 of 13
    spen
    1 of 13
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      pxk08316
      exacerbates  autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
      modeled by Hsap\ATXN8OSCTG112.UAS
      (Mutsuddi et al., 2004)
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Other Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      px
      suppressible
      ast
      (Lewis, 1945)
      px
      enhanceable
      bs
      (Roch et al., 1998)
      px
      enhanceable
      Egfr
      (Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)
      px
      enhanceable
      emc
      (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
      px
      suppressible
      emc
      (Baonza and Garcia-Bellido, 1999)
      px
      enhanceable
      nmo
      (Verheyen et al., 2001)
      net|px
      suppressible
      osa|brm
      (Terriente-Félix and de Celis, 2009)
      px
      suppressible
      rho
      (Wessendorf et al., 1992)
      px
      suppressible
      S
      (Lewis, 1945)
      px
      suppressible
      S|ast
      (Lewis, 1945)
      px
      enhanceable
      slt
      (Curry, 1939)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Delta
      enhanceable
      px
      (Klein and Campos-Ortega, 1992, Wessendorf et al., 1992)
      Egfr
      enhanceable
      px
      (Read et al., 2005, Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)
      H
      enhanceable
      px
      (Johannes and Preiss, 2002)
      if
      suppressible
      px
      (Wessendorf et al., 1992)
      N
      suppressible
      px
      (Wessendorf et al., 1992)
      nmo
      enhanceable
      px
      (Verheyen et al., 2001)
      peb
      suppressible
      px
      (Wilk et al., 2004)
      Ret
      suppressible
      px
      (Read et al., 2005)
      Snr1
      enhanceable
      px
      (Marenda et al., 2004)
      upd1
      suppressible
      px
      (Bach et al., 2003)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-100
      Cytogenetic map
      58E4-58E8
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      58E4-58E8
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k13211k13211&P{EP}EP827 and P{PZ}l(2)rG270rG270
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      58E1-58E2
      (determined by in situ hybridisation) 59B1--2 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling, 1999.12.9)
      58E1-58E2
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling et al., 1999)
      58E1-58E2
      59B1--2
      (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
      The cytological location of either the P{lacW}pxk08316 insert (58E1-58E2) or the P{lacW}pxk08134 insert (59B1-59B2) must be wrong, but this has not been resolved.
      (Spradling, 1999.12.9)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-100

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-105.1

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-100.5

      (Williams, 1956)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (85)
      Genomic Clones (42)
      cDNA Clones (54)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Matakatsu et al., 1999)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            The px gene product may regulate transcription of vein and intervein genes by tethering transcriptional regulators to specific locations in the nucleus.

            (Matakatsu et al., 1999)

            px encodes an essential component of a global repressor of vein differentiation. px acts downstream of kni.

            (Matakatsu et al., 1999)

            Mutations in px allow ectopic venation in the intervein regions of the wing.

            (Matakatsu et al., 1999)

            Extra vein mutations cause enhancement of rhohs.PSt ectopic vein phenotype and suppression of the rhove-1 loss of vein phenotype.

            (Sturtevant and Bier, 1995)

            Mutants display hyperplastic phenotype, showing tissue overgrowth in mitotic recombination clones.

            (Mechler, 1994)

            A screen that identified Dominant enhancers of the wing phenotype associated with Dl9P and DlFE32 identified one new px allele.

            (Klein and Campos-Ortega, 1992)

            Mutations in px cause extra longitudinal or transverse veins with plexated vein phenotypes. Px, px, net, dsr and emc belong to the same synergistic group and act synergistically against kn, fu and shf.

            (Diaz-Benjumea and Garcia-Bellido, 1990)

            Px, net, dsr, px and emc loci belong to the plexus phenotypic group within the 'excess-of-vein' mutant class. Extra veins occur parallel to and between normal veins that connect to each other by crossveins, forming plexi. Plexi are distal. Proximal regions shift to the margin leaving a central area devoid of veins. Sensilla and chaetae appear shifted. Combinations of mutations produce superadditive phenotypes.

            (Diaz-Benjumea et al., 1989)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: l(2)k08316 l(2)k08134

            (Spradling et al., 1999)

            Source for merge of: px l(2)k08316

            (Levis, 2001.2.19)
            Additional comments

            l(2)k08320 may correspond to px: the P{lacW}l(2)k08320k08320 insertion maps within the transcription unit.

            (Gene Disruption Project members, 2015.10.8)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: px CG4444

            (Milshina, 1999.11)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 77 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (156)