FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Alp4
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Alp4
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Alkaline phosphatase 4
Annotation Symbol
CG1462
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0016123
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
alkaline phosphatase (3.1.3.1)
Gene Summary
Important role in neural and renal epithelial function. (UniProt, Q24238)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Aph-4, l(3)07028

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
100B1-100B1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-102
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:31048929..31052540
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables alkaline phosphatase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:439
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000174527
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables phosphatase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001952, InterPro:IPR018299
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in epithelial fluid transport
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yang et al., 2000)
involved_in nervous system development
inferred from expression pattern
(Yang et al., 2000)
involved_in sexual reproduction
inferred from expression pattern
(Swanson et al., 2001)
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Mueller et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cell surface
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:439
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
located_in extracellular region
inferred from sequence model
(Swanson et al., 2001)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence model
(Mueller et al., 2005)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the alkaline phosphatase family. (Q24238)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
alkaline phosphatase activity
a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate (3.1.3.1)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES -
Alkaline phosphatases function best in alkaline environments, catalyzing the hydrolysis of monoesters of phosphoric acid and a transphosphorylation reaction in the presence of large concentrations of phosphate acceptors. With few exceptions, they are homodimeric enzymes and each catalytic site contains three metal ions, i.e., two Zn and one Mg, necessary for enzymatic activity. They have broad substrate specificity. (Adapted from PMID:18404473.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Important role in neural and renal epithelial function.
(UniProt, Q24238)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Alp4 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q24238)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Alp4-RA
FBtr0085733
NM_079862
2153
596
Alp4-RB
FBtr0085734
NM_170534
2021
502
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.05 (northern blot)

(Kloss et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Alp4-PA
FBpp0085095
65.3
596
6.26
Q24238
NP_524601
AAF57106
Alp4-PB
FBpp0085096
54.9
502
6.06
NP_733413
AAN14265
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

578 (aa)

(Yang et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, Q24238)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Alp4 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.42

Transcript Expression
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage & adult stage
(Yang et al., 2000)
adult stage
Malpighian tubule
(Yang et al., 2000)
ellipsoid body
(Yang et al., 2000)
Additional Descriptive Data

Aph-4 transcript levels are highest in larvae and adults. Aph-4 transcripts are detected by in situ hybridization in ellipsoid bodies in adult brain and in Malpighian tubules.

(Yang et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GawB}Alp4c232
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
ellipsoid body
(O'Dell et al., 1995)
pupal stage P7 -- adult stage
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3
(Young and Armstrong, 2010)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4d
(Young and Armstrong, 2010)
adult stage
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron of ellipsoid body | subset
(Zars et al., 2000)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3
(Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Chen et al., 2012, Young and Armstrong, 2010, Baker et al., 2007, Yang et al., 2000, Renn et al., 1999)
ellipsoid body
(Yang et al., 2000, Connolly et al., 1996)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4 | distal | subset
(Renn et al., 1999)
ellipsoid body | restricted
(Young and Armstrong, 2010, Zars et al., 2000, Renn et al., 1999)
large field neuron | subset
(Renn et al., 1999)
adult brain | restricted
(Connolly et al., 1996)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4d
(Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Chen et al., 2012, Young and Armstrong, 2010)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4
(Baker et al., 2007, Yang et al., 2000)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3 | subset
(Bridi et al., 2019)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4d | subset
(Bridi et al., 2019)
lower segment of Malpighian tubule
(Yang et al., 2000, Sozen et al., 1997)
ureter
(Yang et al., 2000, Sozen et al., 1997)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron
(Turner-Evans et al., 2020)
Reporter: P{GawB}Alp4c507
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3
(Renn et al., 1999)
adult stage
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3
(Martín-Peña et al., 2014, Yang et al., 2000, Renn et al., 1999)
Malpighian tubule
(Yang et al., 2000)
ellipsoid body
(Yang et al., 2000)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4 | distal | subset
(Renn et al., 1999)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4
(Cavanaugh et al., 2014, Yang et al., 2000)
ellipsoid body | restricted
(Renn et al., 1999)
ureter
(Yang et al., 2000, Sozen et al., 1997)
large field neuron | subset
(Renn et al., 1999)
adult pars intercerebralis | restricted
(Cavanaugh et al., 2014)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R1
(Martín-Peña et al., 2014)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R2
(Martín-Peña et al., 2014)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4m
(Martín-Peña et al., 2014)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R3 | subset
(Bridi et al., 2019)
adult ellipsoid body ring neuron R4d | subset
(Bridi et al., 2019)
lower segment of Malpighian tubule
(Yang et al., 2000, Sozen et al., 1997)
Reporter: P{PZ}Alp407028
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
lower segment of Malpighian tubule
(Yang et al., 2000)
ureter
(Yang et al., 2000)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Alp4 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Alp4
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Alp4
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Gene not disrupted in
Df(3R)tll-e
(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
Gene disrupted in
Df(3R)Exel6260
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
T(Y;3)R133
(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\ALPP
9 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\ALPG
8 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ALPI
8 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ALPL
8 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Alpi
9 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Alpl
8 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Akp3
7 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Alpg
7 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Alpp
7 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Alpi
9 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Akp3
8 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Alpl
8 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Alppl2
7 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\alpi.1
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\alpl
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\alpi.2
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\arnt2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\alpl
8 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\alp3
7 of 14
No
No
Drer\alpi.1
7 of 14
No
No
Drer\alpi.2
7 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (12)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010596
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001684
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004578
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007300
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011302
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012634
6 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006400
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011303
5 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011305
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011202
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011304
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012589
2 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\PHO8
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\SPBC14F5.13c
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\phoA
10 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Alp4. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (12)
Alp1
11 of 13
Alp5
11 of 13
Alp9
11 of 13
Alp10
11 of 13
Alp12
11 of 13
phu
11 of 13
Alp2
10 of 13
Alp6
10 of 13
Alp7
10 of 13
Alp8
10 of 13
Alp11
10 of 13
Alp13
6 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ALPP; alkaline phosphatase, placental
    9 of 14
    171800
        ALPG; alkaline phosphatase, germ cell
        8 of 14
        171810
            ALPI; alkaline phosphatase, intestinal
            8 of 14
            171740
                ALPL; alkaline phosphatase, biomineralization associated
                8 of 14
                171760
                 
                Functional Complementation Data
                Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                Interactions
                Summary of Physical Interactions
                esyN Network Diagram
                Other Interaction Browsers
                Summary of Genetic Interactions
                esyN Network Diagram
                Other Interaction Browsers
                Starting gene(s)
                Interaction type
                Interacting gene(s)
                Reference
                Starting gene(s)
                Interaction type
                Interacting gene(s)
                Reference
                External Data
                Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                Homodimer.
                (UniProt, Q24238 )
                Linkouts
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                Pathways
                Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                Metabolic Pathways
                KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                External Data
                Linkouts
                KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                Chromosome (arm)
                3R
                Recombination map
                3-102
                Cytogenetic map
                100B1-100B1
                Sequence location
                FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                Cytogenetic map
                Evidence for location
                100B1-100B1
                Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Aph-407028&P{PZ}dcorK215 and P{PZ}l(3)rM731rM731
                Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                Cytogenetic map
                Notes
                References
                100B2-100B2
                (determined by in situ hybridisation) 100B (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                (Yang et al., 2000)
                100B4-100B5
                (Yang, 1996.6.8)
                100B1-100B2
                (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                (Spradling et al., 1999)
                100B1-100B2
                (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
                Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                Location

                3-102

                (FlyBase, 2016)

                3-98.9

                (Comeron et al., 2012)

                3-

                (Yang, 1996.6.8)
                Left of (cM)
                Right of (cM)
                Notes
                Stocks and Reagents
                Stocks (7)
                Genomic Clones (14)
                 

                Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                cDNA Clones (26)
                 

                Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                BDGP DGC clones
                Other clones
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                BDGP DGC clones
                Other clones
                RNAi and Array Information
                Linkouts
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Antibody Information
                Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                 
                Commercially Available Antibodies
                 
                Cell Line Information
                Publicly Available Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Stable Cell Lines
                   
                    Other Comments

                    Isolated in a screen for seminal fluid proteins.

                    (Mueller et al., 2004)
                    Relationship to Other Genes
                    Source for database merge of

                    Source for merge of: Aph-4 l(3)07028

                    (Yang et al., 2000)
                    Additional comments
                    Nomenclature History
                    Source for database identify of

                    Source for identity of: Aph-4 CG1462

                    (Yao, 1999.11)

                    Source for identity of: Alp4 Aph-4

                    (Marygold, 2015.6.26)
                    Nomenclature comments

                    Renamed from 'Aph-4' to Alp4' to be consistent with the nomenclature of other named Dmel genes encoding Alkaline phosphatases and the mammalian nomenclature.

                    (Marygold, 2015.6.26)
                    Etymology
                    Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
                    Datasets (0)
                    Study focus (0)
                    Experimental Role
                    Project
                    Project Type
                    Title
                    Study result (0)
                    Result
                    Result Type
                    Title
                    External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 49 )
                    Sequence Crossreferences
                    NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                    GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                    GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                    RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                    UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                    UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                    Other crossreferences
                    AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                    FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                    InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                    KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                    MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                    Linkouts
                    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                    FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                    iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                    References (68)