FB2024_04 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\ref(2)P
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ref(2)P
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
refractory to sigma P
Annotation Symbol
CG10360
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003231
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Required for selective autophagy activation by ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:22622177). Implicated in sigma rhabdovirus multiplication and necessary for male fertility. Involved in activating transcription of Drs (PubMed:12446795, PubMed:2510997). (UniProt, P14199)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

p62, Ref2P, SQSTM1, ref, Ref(2)P/p62

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-54
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:19542468..19545548
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in macroautophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in aggrephagy
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000387090
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000387090
involved_in mitophagy
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000387090
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in autophagosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in aggresome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000387090
is_active_in amphisome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000387090
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required for selective autophagy activation by ubiquitinated proteins (PubMed:22622177). Implicated in sigma rhabdovirus multiplication and necessary for male fertility. Involved in activating transcription of Drs (PubMed:12446795, PubMed:2510997).
(UniProt, P14199)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
ref(2)P
ref(2)Pp is the first refractaire mutant found and the most thoroughly studied. Allele frequency about 0.2 in Paris population and approaches the same incidence in caged populations with or without the presence of sigma virus (Fleuriet, 1980, Genetics 95: 459-65; 1981, Genetics 97: 415-25). Refractaire phenotype expressed in cultured cells (Richard-Molard, 1975, Arch. Virol. 47: 139-46) and in imaginal disks transplanted into stably infected hosts (Bernard, 1968, Exp. Cell Res. 50: 117-26). Inhibition of viral multiplication increases with increased doses of ref(2)Pp, with added doses of ref(2)Po having an antagonistic effect (Nakamura, 1978, Mol. Gen. Genet. 159: 285-92). Strains of sigma virus capable of multiplication in restrictive strains can be selected; P+ virus strains multiply in ref(2)Pp hosts, whereas P-strains do not; no such distinction in ref(2)Po hosts. Also 5-FU-induced host-adapted strains of virus (haP) capable of replication in ref(2)Pp; many are temperature sensitive, suggesting that ref(2)Pp interacts with a viral protein (Coulon and Contamine, 1982, Virology 123: 381-92). Males homozygous for null alleles sterile; elongating spermatids display degeneration of axonemes (Dezelee, Bras, Contamine, Lopez-Ferber, Segretain, and Teninges, 1989, EMBO J. 8: 3437-46).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

adaptor protein for delivering cargo marked by polyubiquitin to autophagosomes - homolog of the sequestosome marker SQSTM1/p62 - together with Dachs, continuously downregulated by autophagy in enterocytes, ensuring gut homeostasis in the non-infected state - a component of the lysosomal-autophagic compartment - a chaperone that regulates tau solubility thereby preventing tau aggregation

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ref(2)P for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P14199)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0081253
2305
599
FBtr0100289
2395
599
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.4, 2.3 (unknown)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0080794
65.3
599
4.63
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

599 aa isoforms: ref(2)P-PA, ref(2)P-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

115-125 (kD observed); 76 (kD predicted)

Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with aPKC and Traf6.

(UniProt, P14199)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ref(2)P using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.55

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in autophagosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ref(2)P in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 37 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 33 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ref(2)P
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ref(2)P
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Gene not duplicated in
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
3  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
6 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (8)
6 of 14
Yes
Yes
6 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
4 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (3)
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
3 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ref(2)P. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 4 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
esyN Network Diagram
Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
Show/hide secondary interactors 
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
Select Layout:
Legend:
Protein
RNA
Selected Interactor(s)
Other Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
RNA-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
esyN Network Diagram
Show/hide secondary interactors 
(data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
esyN Network Key:
Suppression
Enhancement
Other Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Interacts with aPKC and Traf6.
(UniProt, P14199 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
External Data
Linkouts
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2L
Recombination map
2-54
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
37F1-37F1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}dntEP2158 and P{EP}EP623&P{PZ}spi01068
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
37E-37F
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (14)
Genomic Clones (7)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (232)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        ref(2)P is required for the normal clearance of the paternal mitochondrial derivatives in developing embryos.

        Maternal transmission of the sigma virus is strongly affected by ref(2)P, whereas paternal transmission is affected by variation in both ref(2)P and other genes on the second chromosome.

        The N-terminal domain of the ref(2)P protein is required for its activity in vivo. Conformation-dependent epitopes common to those of the Sigma map to a site distinct from the site involved in virus restriction. Two distinct domains of the ref(2)P protein are involved in the control of Sigma multiplication.

        Comparisons with the D.erecta ref(2)P gene provide evidence for selective constraint on the protein.

        The ref(2)P locus shows unusual variability at the molecular level.

        Two types of sigma viruses are found in populations differing in sensitivity to the ref(2)P allele: Type I is very sensitive and is not transmitted by males in the presence of ref(2)P, Type I is more resistant and is transmitted in the presence of ref(2)P.

        Invasion hypothesis that Type II virus (resistant to ref(2)Pp genotype) is spreading by vertical transmission from central France through European populations is confirmed by data from Tubingen where Type II clones increased from 0.27 to 0.93 between 1985 and 1991. However over the same period no increase in the frequency of infected flies was observed.

        Development of the P-M system of transposable elements shows interesting correlations with the distribution of sigma rhabdovirus in D.melanogaster populations.

        ref(2)P thought to act at level of sigma virus replication.

        Males homozygous for null alleles sterile; elongating spermatids display degeneration of axonemes.

        Strains of sigma virus capable of multiplication in restrictive strains can be selected; P+ virus strains multiply in ref(2)Pp hosts, whereas P- strains do not; no such distinction in ref(2)Po hosts. Also 5-FU-induced host-adapted strains of virus (haP) capable of replication in ref(2)Pp; many are temperature-sensitive, suggesting that ref(2)Pp interacts with a viral protein.

        ref(2)Pp is the first refractaire mutant found and the most thoroughly studied. Allele frequency about 0.2 in Paris population and approaches the same incidence in caged populations with or without the presence of sigma virus.

        Mutant that interferes with the normal multiplication of some strains of sigma virus, as indicated by delayed acquisition of CO2 sensitivity following viral injection.

        Inhibition of viral multiplication increases with increased doses of ref(2)Pp, with added doses of ref(2)Po having an antagonistic effect.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        permissive and restrictive alleles are codominant.

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (28)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Ref(2)P
        (Clémot et al., 2024, Pai et al., 2023, Zhou et al., 2023, Zhou et al., 2023, Aggarwal et al., 2022, Chakravorty et al., 2022, Eleftherianos and Tafesh-Edwards, 2022, Rahman et al., 2022, Varga et al., 2022, Zhu et al., 2022, Baumgartner et al., 2021, Boumard and Bardin, 2021, Cho et al., 2021, Correa et al., 2021, Cox et al., 2021, Hurley and Staveley, 2021, Joy et al., 2021, Khezri et al., 2021, Moutaoufik and Tanguay, 2021, Yu et al., 2021, Denton et al., 2020, Gohel et al., 2020, Sanuki, 2020, Yang et al., 2020, Ikeda et al., 2019, Lo Piccolo et al., 2019, Şentürk et al., 2019, Si et al., 2019, Zhu et al., 2019, Ayala et al., 2018, Bhide et al., 2018, Carroll et al., 2018, Issa et al., 2018, Galasso et al., 2017, Kinghorn et al., 2017, Kovács et al., 2017, Lőrincz et al., 2017, Billes et al., 2016, Gentry et al., 2016, Kinghorn et al., 2016, Lőrincz et al., 2016, Papp et al., 2016, Pavel et al., 2016, Ratliff et al., 2016, Jain et al., 2015, Jean et al., 2015, Jin et al., 2015, Nagy et al., 2015, Ratliff et al., 2015, Rui et al., 2015, Steele et al., 2015, Tower, 2015, DeVorkin et al., 2014, Hegedűs et al., 2014, Keebaugh and Schlenke, 2014, Mulakkal et al., 2014, Nagy et al., 2014, Nagy et al., 2014, Ochaba et al., 2014, Chang et al., 2013, Shravage et al., 2013, Velentzas et al., 2013, Érdi et al., 2012, Nezis, 2012, Pircs et al., 2012, Bartlett et al., 2011, Batlevi et al., 2010, Clausen et al., 2010, Demontis and Perrimon, 2010, Nezis et al., 2010, Chang and Neufeld, 2009, Chang and Neufeld, 2009, Lindmo et al., 2008, Nezis et al., 2008, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Goto et al., 2003, Avila et al., 2002, Avedisov et al., 2001)
        ref(2)P
        (Nicolson et al., 2024, Srivastav et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2023, Olsen et al., 2023, Oyarce-Pezoa et al., 2023, Pino-Jiménez et al., 2023, Zhao et al., 2023, Baumgartner et al., 2022, Bhattacharjee et al., 2022, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Tsapras and Nezis, 2022, Baek et al., 2021, Baumgartner et al., 2021, Jipa et al., 2021, Manola et al., 2021, Manzéger et al., 2021, Ryan et al., 2021, Ulgherait et al., 2021, Wu et al., 2021, Yu and Hyun, 2021, Cunningham et al., 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Tafesh-Edwards and Eleftherianos, 2020, Bhattacharjee et al., 2019, Bouska et al., 2019, Carmona-Gutierrez et al., 2019, Chandran et al., 2019, Duxbury et al., 2019, Khezri and Rusten, 2019, Manola et al., 2019, Mao et al., 2019, Nilangekar et al., 2019, Robin et al., 2019, Rodriguez-Fernandez et al., 2019, Texada et al., 2019, Tsakiri et al., 2019, Wang et al., 2019, Yan et al., 2019, Anderson et al., 2018, Levis, 2018.8.30, Liu et al., 2018, Palmer et al., 2018, Palmer et al., 2018, Thomas et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2018, Galluzzi et al., 2017, Rana et al., 2017, van Sluijs et al., 2017, Appel et al., 2015, Jain et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2015, Hughes et al., 2014, Merlo et al., 2014, Morelli et al., 2014, de Castro et al., 2013, Gupta et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Shravage et al., 2013, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Jimenez-Sanchez et al., 2012, Magwire et al., 2012, Nezis, 2012, Pimenta de Castro et al., 2012, Taillebourg et al., 2012, Bartlett et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2010, Kadandale et al., 2010, Wilfert and Jiggins, 2010, Carpenter et al., 2009, Obbard et al., 2009, Bangham et al., 2008, Yatsu et al., 2008, Akdemir et al., 2007, Bangham et al., 2007, Carre-Mlouka et al., 2007, Jiggins and Bangham, 2007, Lundgren et al., 2005, Wyers et al., 1993)
        Name Synonyms
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 76 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          References (348)