FB2024_03 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Dso1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Dso1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Daisho1
Annotation Symbol
CG15231
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0040653
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
3 publicly available
Gene Summary
Daisho1 (Dso1) encodes an immune effector peptide regulated by Toll NF-kappaB signalling. Mutant flies are susceptible to fungal infection, and Dso1 shows binding to fungal hyphae ex vivo. [Date last reviewed: 2024-04-04] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

IM4, DIM4, Immune induced molecule 4

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
57B3-57B3
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-92
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:20868496..20869321
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antifungal humoral response
inferred from direct assay
(Cohen et al., 2020)
involved_in defense response
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
involved_in humoral immune response
inferred from expression pattern
(Verleyen et al., 2006)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Levy et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response
non-traceable author statement
(Baggerman et al., 2002)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Cohen et al., 2020)
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
non-traceable author statement
(Baggerman et al., 2002)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Daisho1 (Dso1) encodes an immune effector peptide regulated by Toll NF-kappaB signalling. Mutant flies are susceptible to fungal infection, and Dso1 shows binding to fungal hyphae ex vivo. [Date last reviewed: 2024-04-04]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    DAISHO PEPTIDES -
    The daisho peptides are Drosophila innate immune effectors with humoral activity against a select set of filamentous fungi. (Adapted from FBrf0244753.)
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Peptide which plays a role in the humoral immune response to a subset of filamentous fungi, including F.oxysporum and F.verticillioides.
    (UniProt, P82705)
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Dso1 for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P82705)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.47

    Gene model reviewed during 5.56

    Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
    nuclear_gene
    protein_coding_gene
    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Dso1-RA
    FBtr0071559
    NM_144038
    418
    42
    Dso1-RB
    FBtr0345819
    NM_001299719
    767
    42
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Dso1-PA
    FBpp0071487
    4.5
    42
    6.51
    P82705
    NP_652295
    AAF46631
    Dso1-PB
    FBpp0311805
    4.5
    42
    6.51
    P82705
    NP_001286648
    AHN56443
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    42 aa isoforms: Dso1-PA, Dso1-PB
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments

    Small IM4-derived peptides identified by nano LC-MS/MS: YRQPYPEEFQTSPEQLLQ, YRQPYPEEFQTSPEQLLQVAP.

    (Verleyen et al., 2006)

    Small IM4-derived neuropeptides identified by 2D capillary LC/ESI-MS/MS: GTVLIQTDNTQYIRT-amide.

    (Baggerman et al., 2005)

    Small IM4-derived neuropeptides identified by LC-MS/MS: GTVLIQTDNTQYIRT-amide.

    (Baggerman et al., 2002)
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Dso1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.52

    Transcript Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    embryonic/larval hemolymph

    Comment: infected with M. luteus and E. coli

    peptides: GTVLIQTDNTQYIRT

    (Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
    wandering third instar larval stage
    embryonic/larval central nervous system
    (Baggerman et al., 2005, Baggerman et al., 2002)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in extracellular region
    inferred from direct assay
    (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
    located_in extracellular space
    inferred from direct assay
    (Cohen et al., 2020)
    inferred from direct assay
    (Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Dso1 in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 2 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Dso1
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Dso1
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(2R)ΔDso
    (Cohen et al., 2020)
    Df(2R)Exel6071
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Inferred from location ( 0 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    viable
    Sterility
    Allele
    fertile
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal immune response | adult stage
    increased mortality | conditional
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Dso1. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Other Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Dso1
      suppressible
      Dso2
      (Cohen et al., 2020)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Dso2
      suppressible
      Dso1
      (Cohen et al., 2020)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-92
      Cytogenetic map
      57B3-57B3
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      57B3-57B3
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k06409k06409&P{PZ}insc05475 and P{PZ}l(2)0780607806
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-92

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-98.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (3)
      Genomic Clones (10)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (31)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Identification: Encodes a protein that is induced by immune challenge.

            (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: IM4 BcDNA:RH25931

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of IM4 BcDNA:RH25931 was TrEMBL update ( date:020807 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Dso1 IM4

            (Cohen et al., 2020)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology

            Based on the defensive functions of the encoded peptides, 'IM4' (encoding a 15aa peptide) and 'IM14' (encoding a 24 aa peptide) are renamed 'Daisho1' and 'Daisho2', respectively, after the Japanese term 'daisho' for a matched pair of samurai swords, one short and one long.

            (Cohen et al., 2020)
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            BcDNA:RH25931
            CG15231
            (Meadows, 2018.4.4, Palu and Thummel, 2016, Fukuoh et al., 2014, D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Ellis and Carney, 2009, Yew et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Wertheim et al., 2005, Levy et al., 2004, Boutros et al., 2002, De Gregorio et al., 2002)
            DIM 4
            (Levy et al., 2004)
            DIM-4
            (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 2002.6.15)
            DIM4
            (Huang et al., 2023, Xu et al., 2023, D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010, Verleyen et al., 2006, Baggerman et al., 2005, Baggerman et al., 2002, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
            Daisho1
            (Valanne et al., 2022, Martínez et al., 2020)
            Dso1
            (Huang et al., 2023, Wu and Yan, 2022, Lin et al., 2020)
            IM4
            (Owings and Chow, 2024, Bossen et al., 2023, Ahmed et al., 2022, Deshpande et al., 2022, Vaibhvi et al., 2022, Blatt et al., 2021, Ahmed and Vogel, 2020, Benoit et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Lin et al., 2019, Lindsay et al., 2018, Mlih et al., 2018, Kenmoku et al., 2017, Clemmons et al., 2015, Lai et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Clark et al., 2013, Garcia et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Rynes et al., 2012, Ladoukakis et al., 2011, Ellis and Carney, 2009, Yew et al., 2009, Kwon et al., 2008, Reiter et al., 2007, Greene et al., 2005, Wertheim et al., 2005)
            dso1
            (Cohen et al., 2020)
            Name Synonyms
            Daisho
            (Mpamhanga and Kounatidis, 2024)
            Daisho1
            Drosophila immune-induced molecule 4
            (D'Ambrosio and Vale, 2010)
            Immune induced molecule 4
            (Lai et al., 2014)
            daisho1
            (Cohen et al., 2020)
            immune induced peptide 4
            (Baggerman et al., 2005)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0047029
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 29 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            References (73)