FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\spz[4]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\spz⁴

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0016062

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\spz

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

spz^rm7, spatzle^rm7, spaetzle^rm7, spz^m7

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

loss of function allele

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

loss of function allele

(Kambris et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006)

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

(Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Amino acid replacement: C232S.

(Weber et al., 2007)

Nucleotide substitution: T694A.

(Weber et al., 2007)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

3R:27,065,973..27,065,973 [-]

Nucleotide change:

T27065973A

Reported nucleotide change:

T694A

Amino acid change:

Reported amino acid change:

C232S

(Weber et al., 2007)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

ameliorates hematologic cancer

modeled by lwr^4-3, lwr⁵

(Paddibhatla et al., 2010)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal immune response

abnormal immune response | adult stage

(Hanson et al., 2021, Kanoh et al., 2021, Iwashita et al., 2020, Iatsenko et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2016, Morris et al., 2016, Xiao et al., 2015, Chambers et al., 2014, Jin et al., 2008)

abnormal immune response | conditional

(Foley and O'Farrell, 2003)

increased mortality | adult stage | conditional

(Kanoh et al., 2021, Iwashita et al., 2020)

increased mortality | conditional

(Iatsenko et al., 2020)

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

radiation sensitive

(Sudmeier et al., 2015)

short lived | conditional

(Hanson et al., 2021, Morris et al., 2016, Chambers et al., 2014)

some die during embryonic stage | recessive | maternal effect | recessive

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

visible | adult stage | conditional

(Hanson et al., 2021)

Phenotype Manifest In

embryonic/first instar larval cuticle | lateral | maternal effect

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

embryonic/first instar larval cuticle | maternal effect | ventral

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell

(Halfon and Keshishian, 1998)

wing | conditional

(Hanson et al., 2021)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ mutants are susceptible (show increased mortality) to infection with A. fumigatus, M. rileyi and B. bassiana.

spz⁴ homozygotes also show an erect wing phenotype upon infection with E. faecalis (live or heat killed), A. fumigatus, M. rileyi, Ecc15 or B. bassiana.

(Hanson et al., 2021)

spz⁴ adults show increased susceptibility (i.e. mortality) to B. bassiana fungal infection and S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis and S. aureus bacterial infection.

(Kanoh et al., 2021)

spz⁴ adults exhibit an increased susceptibility to systemic infection with Cunninghamella bertholletiae or Rhizopus oryzae.

(Iatsenko et al., 2020)

spz⁴ adults exhibit increased mortality and accumulate Gram-positive bacterial loads in their hemolymph upon infection with S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis or S. aureus when compared to controls.

(Iwashita et al., 2020)

spz⁴ mutants show significantly increased mortality upon infection with the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis (wild type or the protease-deficient strain TX5128), with the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, with the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecium or with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, as compared to controls.

(Patrnogic and Leclerc, 2017)

spz⁴ mutant flies show reduced survival rate upon infection with bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes or fungi Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus fumigatus compared to wild-type.

(Iatsenko et al., 2016)

spz⁴/spz⁴ adult flies have significantly reduced survival in response to Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), compared to controls.

(Liu et al., 2016)

spz⁴/spz⁴ mutants exhibit a significant decrease in survival in response to P. rettgeri or L. monocytogenes infection, as compared to wild type.

(Morris et al., 2016)

spz⁴ mutants display increased sensitivity to radiation exposure as their eclosion rate following irradiation during third larval instar is significantly reduced compared to controls.

(Sudmeier et al., 2015)

spz⁴ adult mutant flies show significantly lower survival rate upon infection with Gram-positive bacteria compared to controls.

(Xiao et al., 2015)

Mutant adults show reduced survival compared to wild type after septic injury with Gram positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis or Staphylococcus aureus).

Mutant adults show reduced survival compared to wild type after septic injury with fungi (Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus) and after natural infection with entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae).

(Binggeli et al., 2014)

spz⁴/spz⁴ adult flies have a severely reduced survival after inoculation with either Providencia rettgeri or Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.

(Chambers et al., 2014)

Mutant flies show reduced compared to wild type after injection with E. faecalis (Gram-positive bacterium).

(Gendrin et al., 2013)

spz⁴ mutants show no effect on mortality within 24 hours of mild wounding in 7-8 days old adults.

(Nam et al., 2012)

Mutant flies are highly susceptible to infection with E. faecalis.

(Bou Aoun et al., 2011)

spz⁴ mutant flies, infected by septic injury with a needle dipped in E. faecalis quickly succumb to the infection, whereas wild-type flies survive.

spz⁴ mutant flies, infected by septic injury with a needle dipped in L. monocytogenes quickly succumb to the infection, whereas wild-type flies survive.

spz⁴ mutant flies, infected by septic injury with a needle dipped in C.albicans quickly succumb to the infection, whereas wild-type flies survive.

spz⁴ mutant flies, infected by septic injury with a needle dipped in E. carotovorado not succumb to the infection.

(Buchon et al., 2009)

All spz⁴ mutant flies succumb to infection by Enterococcus faecalis within 28 hours.

(Charroux and Royet, 2009)

spz⁴ mutant flies show an increased susceptibility to challenge by Staphylococcus aureus compared to wild type flies.

(Geuking et al., 2009)

Homozygous spz⁴ mutant adults are more sensitive to fungal infection (B. bassiana) than wild type controls. This increase in sensitivity is seen following both natural infection and infection through septic injury.

(Jin et al., 2008)

spz⁴ mutant adults are more sensitive to fungal infection than wild type flies, with 100% lethality at 7 days. This compares to only 55-70% at 30 days in wild type. spz⁴ mutant larvae show a reduced eclosion rate following injection with M. luteus and E. coli.

(Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008)

spz⁴ mutants survive well post-infection with E.coli. Both sexes are less healthy without infection, and 10-days after infection, males survive somewhat better than females (77.9% versus 71.5%).

spz⁴ mutant males can withstand B.bassiana fungal infection to a greater level than spz⁴ mutant females.

(Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007)

Mutant flies show reduced survival compared to control flies after infection with either E.faecalis or A.fumigatus, but show normal levels of survival after infection with E.coli.

(Brun et al., 2006)

Homozygous spz⁴ mutants exhibit a severely reduced response to gram-negative bacteria and fungal attack.

(Chien et al., 2006)

spz⁴ mutant animals are sensitive to infection by gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and over 75% of mutant animals die within 25 hours of septic injury.

(Leulier et al., 2006)

spz⁴ flies show similar mortality levels to wild-type flies in response to feeding with both the ROS-resistant KNU53775 yeast strain and a standard yeast strain (W303).

(Ryu et al., 2006)

Mutant flies show reduced survival rates compared to control flies after bacterial (E.faecalis) and fungal (B.bassiana) infection.

(Tang et al., 2006)

Mutant flies show similar survival rates as control flies following natural infection (feeding with contaminated food) with either "Ecc-15" (P.carotovorum.carotovorum), S.cerevisiae or M.luteus.

(Ha et al., 2005)

spz⁴ flies show a normal survival rate after natural infection with "Ecc15" (P.carotovorum.carotovorum).

(Ha et al., 2005)

Mutant flies show reduced survival compared to wild-type controls after infection with Cryptococcus neoformans.

(Bischoff et al., 2004)

The survival of spz⁴ mutants infected with B.bassiana is significantly reduced compared to wild-type flies.

(Munier et al., 2004)

spz⁴ flies are susceptible to infection by Gram-positive bacteria (E.faecalis, S.aureus or M.luteus) and fungal infection (A.fumigatus or B.bassiana).

(Pili-Floury et al., 2004)

The mean ln (natural logarithm) circulating hemocyte concentration (CHC) value of homozygous larvae is significantly lower than that of control siblings. The ability of homozygous larvae to encapsulate L.boulardi eggs is significantly reduced compared to that of control larvae.

(Sorrentino et al., 2004)

When homozygous mutant larvae are treated with L-NAME (to inhibit Nos) their immune defense mechanisms to the gram-negative bacteria Erwinia carotova is compromised.

(Foley and O'Farrell, 2003)

Mutant flies are more susceptible to natural infection by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and direct injection of either Aspergillus fumigatus or Neurospora crassa spores than controls.

(Leulier et al., 2003)

spz⁴ flies are highly susceptible to fungal infection (B.bassiana) and also to infection by Gram-positive bacteria (E.faecalis previously known as 'Streptococcus faecalis').

(Ligoxygakis et al., 2002)

spz⁴ mutants exhibit increased sensitivity to E.faecalis infection.

(Rutschmann et al., 2002)

Homozygous flies show a reduced resistance to infection by the fungus B. bassiana and the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus faecalis compared to controls.

(Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002)

imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes show 90% lethality in response to infection with M.luteus, compared to no significant lethality in infected wild-type animals. imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes infected with B.subtilis or S.aureus die significantly more rapidly than infected wild-type animals.

(Tzou et al., 2002)

A small proportion of embryos derived from spz⁴/Df(3R)Bd females and injected with high levels of spz^1.9 RNA invaginate two ventral furrows. Injection of spz^bcd.3'UTR RNA into embryos derived from spz⁴/Df(3R)Bd females can result in embryos with ventralised cuticles.

(Morisato, 2001)

Mutant adults are not highly susceptible to infection by M.luteus. Mutant adults are highly sensitive to natural infection by B.bassiana or injection of A.fumigatus spores.

(Leulier et al., 2000)

spz^D1-RPQ/spz⁴ larvae have significantly higher levels of muscle defects than wild-type larvae.

(Halfon and Keshishian, 1998)

Level of Drs induction of bacterially challenged mutants is lower than in wild type. Pattern of response of CecA1 and CecA2 parallels that of Drs. Dpt and Dro remain fully inducible and pattern of expression of AttA and Def in intermediate. Infection of spz⁴/spz² mutants with A.fumigatus causes 3% survival 3 days postinfection, infection with E.coli causes 84% survival 3 days postinfection.

(Lemaitre et al., 1996)

Dorsalized embryos differentiate an elongated hollow tube of dorsal cuticle missing all ventral and lateral structures. Injecting transcripts from Tl⁸ into dorsalized spz⁴ mutant embryos causes ventralization near the site of injection indicating that Tl acts downstream of spz. Females doubly heterozygous for spz⁴ and Tl^r2 lay weakly dorsalized eggs at 29^oC. Approximately half the embryos laid by females heterozygous for spz⁴ and for a deficiency of tub are weakly dorsalized.

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

Perivitelline fluid from Tl and dl donors was capable of restoring polarized gastrulation movements and cuticular elements.

(Stein and Nusslein-Volhard, 1992)

strong allele

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ has abnormal immune response phenotype, enhanceable by Rel^E20

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

NOT Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ has radiation sensitive phenotype, non-enhanceable by Rel^E20

(Sudmeier et al., 2015)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Rel^E20, spz⁴ has short lived | conditional phenotype, suppressible | partially by BaraA1^UAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

(Hanson et al., 2021)

Rel^E20, spz⁴ has abnormal immune response | adult stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by BaraA1^UAS.cHa/Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

(Hanson et al., 2021)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is an enhancer of abnormal immune response phenotype of Rel^E20

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a non-enhancer of visible phenotype of upd1^GMR.PB

(Bach et al., 2003)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a suppressor of lethal | adult stage phenotype of nec¹/nec²

(Green et al., 2000)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of melanotic mass phenotype phenotype of MP1^{UASp.Tag:SS(ea)}, Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

(Tang et al., 2006)

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of lethal | larval stage phenotype of MP1^{UASp.Tag:SS(ea)}, Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

(Tang et al., 2006)

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of visible phenotype of upd1^GMR.PB

(Bach et al., 2003)

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of partially lethal - majority die | recessive phenotype of cact⁷

(Qiu et al., 1998)

Other

Statement

Reference

Rel^E20, spz⁴ has abnormal immune response | adult stage phenotype

(Hanson et al., 2021)

Rel^E20, spz⁴ has short lived | conditional phenotype

(Hanson et al., 2021)

lwr⁵/lwr^4-3, spz⁴ has lethal | wandering third instar larval stage phenotype

(Paddibhatla et al., 2010)

imd¹, spz⁴ has abnormal immune response phenotype

(Leulier et al., 2000)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

spz[+]/spz⁴ is an enhancer of embryonic epidermis phenotype of cact^E10

(Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2001)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a non-enhancer of eye phenotype of upd1^GMR.PB

(Bach et al., 2003)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a suppressor of embryonic/larval fat body | larval stage phenotype of Noc1^JF02014, Scer\GAL4^P0206

(Mirzoyan et al., 2023)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of adult tracheal system phenotype of Scer\GAL4^btl.PS, Spn77Ba^RNAi.WIZ.UAS

(Tang et al., 2008)

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of melanotic mass phenotype of PGRP-LE^UAS.Tag:FLAG, Scer\GAL4^c564

(Takehana et al., 2004)

spz⁴ is a non-suppressor of eye phenotype of upd1^GMR.PB

(Bach et al., 2003)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Rel^E20, spz⁴ double mutants are susceptible (show increased mortality) to infection with E.coli, M. luteus, C. albicans, N. Crassa, and A. Fumigatus.

(Hanson et al., 2021)

The increased sensitivity to radiation characteristic for spz⁴ mutants (whose eclosion rate following irradiation during third larval instar is significantly reduced compared to controls) is not significantly changed by combination with Rel^E20.

(Sudmeier et al., 2015)

Wandering third-instar lwr^4-3; spz⁴ double mutant larvae are almost free of microtumors and show a significant reduction in fat body infiltration by blood cells.

(Paddibhatla et al., 2010)

The melanisation of the adult tracheal system caused by expression of Spn77Ba^{dsRNA.WIZ.Scer\UAS} under the control of Scer\GAL4^btl.PS is not suppressed by spz⁴.

(Tang et al., 2008)

Embryos derived from Spn27A^ex32/Df(2L)BSC7 ; spz⁴/spz⁴ females are completely dorsalised.

(Ligoxygakis et al., 2003)

Perivitelline fluid from embryos laid by spz⁴/Df(3R)Bd females does not show axis-inducing activity when injected into the perivitelline space of embryos derived from pip¹/pip² females. Perivitelline fluid from embryos laid by Tl^rv13 spz⁴/Tl^rv4 spz² females does not show axis-inducing activity when injected into the perivitelline space of embryos derived from pip¹/pip² females. Perivitelline fluid from embryos laid by ea^D3 spz⁴/ea¹ spz² females does not show axis-inducing activity when injected into the perivitelline space of embryos derived from pip¹/pip² females. Perivitelline fluid from embryos laid by ea^D1 spz²/ea⁴ spz⁴ females shows axis-inducing activity when injected into the the perivitelline space of embryos derived from pip¹/pip² females.

(Chang and Morisato, 2002)

The addition of spz⁴ or Tl^rv1/Tl^r3 enhances the susceptibility of Rel^E20 mutants to E.coli and M.luteus infection. The addition of Rel^E20 slightly enhances the susceptibility of spz⁴ to M.luteus infection.

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to M.luteus infection in suppressed by Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, and partially suppressed by Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32.

(Tzou et al., 2002)

90% of embryos produced by cact^E10/+, spz⁴/+ are weakly dorsalized.

(Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2001)

imd¹ ; spz⁴ adults are highly susceptible to infection by E.coli or M.luteus (survival rate is reduced after pricking with an infected needle compared to survival rate of control flies). The adults are highly sensitive to natural infection by B.bassiana or injection of A.fumigatus spores.

(Leulier et al., 2000)

The zygotic semi-lethality of cact⁷ homozygotes is not suppressed by spz⁴.

(Qiu et al., 1998)

Double mutant combinations with ea^D1 are strongly dorsalizing.

(Chasan et al., 1992)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Comments

Injection of spz^1.9 or spz^2.1 transcripts rescues spz⁴/Df(3R)Tl-I embryos to hatching, injection of spz^2.2 weakly rescues and spz^1.8 fails to rescue.

(Morisato and Anderson, 1994)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Bloomington

30915

ru¹ Diap1^th-1 st¹ kni^ri-1 rn^roe-1 p^p e¹ spz⁴/TM3, Sb¹

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Spatzle^RM7

(Aalto et al., 2019)

Spatzle^rm7

(Gendrin et al., 2013)

Spz-1⁴

(Zhang et al., 2024)

mel(3)7

(Anderson and Nusslein-Volhard, 1984)

rm7

(Perlmutter et al., 2024)

spaetzle^rm7

(Brun et al., 2006, Castillejo-Lopez and Häcker, 2005, Munier et al., 2004)

spatzle^rm7

(Dudzic et al., 2019, Tsuzuki et al., 2012)

spz⁴

(Del Signore et al., 2017, Lamiable et al., 2016, Sudmeier et al., 2015, Cho et al., 2010, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Weber et al., 2007)

spz^M7

(Parvy et al., 2019)

spz^RM7

(Becker et al., 2010)

spz^m317

(Kambris et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006)

spz^m7

(Akhouayri et al., 2011, Stein and Nusslein-Volhard, 1992)

spz^rm7

(Mirzoyan et al., 2023, Xu et al., 2023, Bahuguna et al., 2022, Hanson and Lemaitre, 2022, Hanson et al., 2021, Kanoh et al., 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Iatsenko et al., 2020, Iwashita et al., 2020, Dudzic et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Sanchez Bosch et al., 2019, Alpar et al., 2018, Issa et al., 2018, Dostálová et al., 2017, Kenmoku et al., 2017, Louradour et al., 2017, Patrnogic and Leclerc, 2017, Guillou et al., 2016, Iatsenko et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2016, Morris et al., 2016, Kanoh et al., 2015, Xiao et al., 2015, Binggeli et al., 2014, Chambers et al., 2014, Obata et al., 2014, Nam et al., 2012, Bou Aoun et al., 2011, Fullaondo et al., 2011, Glittenberg et al., 2011, Narbonne-Reveau et al., 2011, Zaidman-Rémy et al., 2011, Paddibhatla et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Charroux and Royet, 2009, Geuking et al., 2009, Shia et al., 2009, Gordon et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Brennan et al., 2007, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Chien et al., 2006, Jang et al., 2006, Ryu et al., 2006, Scherfer et al., 2006, Tang et al., 2006, Zaidman-Remy et al., 2006, Apidianakis et al., 2005, Ha et al., 2005, Ha et al., 2005, Ha et al., 2005, Bischoff et al., 2004, Pili-Floury et al., 2004, Sorrentino et al., 2004, Bach et al., 2003, Foley and O'Farrell, 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Ligoxygakis et al., 2003, Chang and Morisato, 2002, De Gregorio et al., 2002, De Gregorio et al., 2002, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Tzou et al., 2002, Michel et al., 2001, Morisato, 2001, Vidal et al., 2001, Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2001, Green et al., 2000, Lagueux et al., 2000, Leulier et al., 2000, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Levashina et al., 1999, Manfruelli et al., 1999, Ferrandon et al., 1998, Halfon and Keshishian, 1998, Levashina et al., 1998, Misra et al., 1998, Qiu et al., 1998, Lemaitre et al., 1996, Lemaitre et al., 1995, Morisato and Anderson, 1994, Chasan et al., 1992, Roth et al., 1991, Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)

spzrm7

(Jones et al., 2008)

Name Synonyms

spatzlerm7

(Leulier et al., 2006, Mulinari et al., 2006)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (117)

Report Sections

Open Close