FB2024_04 , released June 25, 2024
Natural Transposon: Dmel\HeT-A
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General Information
Symbol
HeT-A
Species
D. melanogaster
Feature type
natural_transposable_element
FlyBase ID
FBte0000143
Sequences and Components
Sequence Ontology (SO)
Insertions and Copy Number
Copy number and comments

3 in euchromatin of Release 3 genome annotation, of which zero are full length.

(Kaminker et al., 2002)
Search for
Target Site Duplication
Size (bp)
Orthologs
Curated drosophilid orthologs
Dsim\HeT-A
Dvir\HeT-A
Dyak\HeT-A
Comments

HeT-A and TART-element, previously considered to be closely related, have very different transcriptional characteristics. Additionally, features of TART-element sequence organisation resemble those of a subclass of non-LTR elements characterized by unequal terminal repeats. The distinctive transcription patterns of HeT-A and TART-element are conserved in D.yakuba.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1999)

HeT-A sequences have been found in the centric heterochromatin of chromosome 3.

(Losada et al., 1999)

The HeT-A promoter is at the 3' end of the element and directs transcription of the HeT-A element immediately downstream in the tandem array in which they are found. The HeT-A element appears to be an evolutionary intermediate between LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons. Considering two HeT-A elements in tandem array, the promoter-containing 3' end of the upstream element is identical to the promoter-containing 3' end of the downstream element, and this "extended element" is structurally and functionally equivalent to an LTR retrotransposon. The promoter-containing 3' end of the upstream element acts as a surrogate for the 5' LTR characteristic of the LTR retrotransposon, although it is actually part of the flanking element. The HeT-A element does not encode its own reverse transcriptase.

(Pardue and DeBaryshe, 1999)

Comparison of integrase/transposase domains to new elements containing the DDE signature.

(Capy et al., 1997)

HeT-A promoter activity is located in the 3' end of the element. In HeT-A arrays the 3' sequence of one element directs transcription of its downstream neighbour.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1997)

HeT-A retrotransposons hybridise close to the centromere of the Y chromosome.

(Losada et al., 1997)

HeT-A element and TART-element may be evolutionarily related to telomerase, in both cases an enzyme extends the end of a chromosome by adding DNA copied from an RNA template.

(Pardue et al., 1997)

A HeT-A element has been cloned and sequenced. The unit length of the HeT-A element is approximately 6kb.

(Biessmann et al., 1994)

The HeT-A element is approximately 6kb in length. It can be divided into three regions; a protein coding region composed of two overlapping reading frames, a 5' non-coding region and a 3' non-coding region (which makes up approximately half the HeT-A element).

(Danilevskaya et al., 1994)

Analysis of HeT-A transcripts suggests that HeT-A elements transposase by means of a polyadenylated RNA intermediate and that each element joins to the chromosome end by means of the poly(A) tail of the RNA.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1994)

The genomic organization (oligo(A) tails facing proximally at chromosome ends) and sequence analysis of 29 different HeT-A fragments supports the model of telomere elongation by transposition of HeT-A elements.

(Biessmann et al., 1993)

HeT-A sequences are never found in the euchromatin. Y associated HeT-A clusters have significantly different structures than telomeric clusters, and may arise by different transposition mechanisms.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1993)

A transposon family of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons found at the telomere. HeT-A elements transpose to broken chromosome ends. Evidence suggests that they can also transpose to natural chromosome ends.

(Levis et al., 1993)

Transposition of HeT-A onto broken chromosome ends is implicated in chromosome healing. Ends of X chromosomes with new HeT-A additions receded at the same rate as broken ends before HeT-A elements attached. Approximately 1% of chromosomes per generation aquired new HeT-A sequences of an average of 6kb at their ends, and the rate of addition of new material per generation matches the observed rate of loss caused by incomplete replication at the ends of the DNA molecule. Transposition of HeT-A onto broken chromosome ends is implicated in chromosome healing. Ends of X chromosomes with new HeT-A additions receded at the same rate as broken ends before HeT-A elements attached. Approximately 1% of chromosomes per generation aquired new HeT-A sequences of an average of 6kb at their ends, and the rate of addition of new material per generation matches the observed rate of loss caused by incomplete replication at the ends of the DNA molecule.

(Biessmann et al., 1992)

HeT-A is a transposable element that heals broken chromosomes: it may have a structural role in telomere organization or maintenance.

(Biessmann et al., 1992)

HeT-As is transcribed and are conserved in the D.melanogaster species subgroup. It may play a role in the structure and/or function of telomeres.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1992)

Sequence of a HeT-A element includes two overlapping open reading frames that are one nucleotide out of frame with respect to each other. The longer ORF contains Cys-His motifs strongly resembling nucleic acid binding domains of gag-like proteins and the overall organisation is reminiscent of LINE elements.

(Danilevskaya et al., 1992)

construct_comment: Associated with telomeres.

(FlyBase, 1992-)

The distribution of different subfragments of HeT-A DNA throughout the genome has been studied.

(Valgeirsdottir et al., 1990)

HeT-A may have a role in organizing or maintaining the ends of chromosomes. The association of HeT-A with the newly acquired telomeres, in a formerly euchromatic region of C(1)A, strengthens this correlation.

(Traverse and Pardue, 1988)
Other Information
Etymology
External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )
Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
Reported As
Symbol Synonym
HET A
(Le Thomas et al., 2013)
HET-A
(Bence et al., 2024, Peng et al., 2023, Rashpa et al., 2017, Yan et al., 2002, Kidwell and Lisch, 1997)
HETA
(Satyaki et al., 2014, Zhou et al., 2009)
He-T
(FlyBase, 1996-, Traverse and Pardue, 1988)
HeT
(Hennig, 1999, Ahmad and Golic, 1998, FlyBase, 1996-, Tolar et al., 1995, Gatti and Pimpinelli, 1992, Greider, 1991, Lofsky, 1991, Valgeirsdottir et al., 1990)
HeT element
(Gonzalez and Bornens, 2000)
HeT-A
(Lin et al., 2023, Wierzbicki et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2022, Reddy et al., 2022, Rigal et al., 2022, Eastwood et al., 2021, Fabry et al., 2021, McGurk et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2021, Cacchione et al., 2020, Kordyukova et al., 2020, Markova et al., 2020, Mérel et al., 2020, Saint-Leandre et al., 2020, Saint-Leandre et al., 2020, Kneuss et al., 2019, Radion et al., 2019, Saint-Leandre et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019, Korandová et al., 2018, Kordyukova et al., 2018, Sun et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2018, Casacuberta, 2017, Radion et al., 2017, Ren et al., 2017, Ryazansky et al., 2017, Cipressa et al., 2016, López-Panadès and Casacuberta, 2016, Wylie et al., 2016, Dehghani and Lasko, 2015, Kofler et al., 2015, Molla-Herman et al., 2015, Senti et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Dufourt et al., 2014, Fulcher et al., 2014, Hayashi et al., 2014, Hayashi et al., 2014, Minakhina et al., 2014, Satyaki et al., 2014, Sytnikova et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Brar et al., 2013, Dönertas et al., 2013, Handler et al., 2013, Muerdter et al., 2013, Ohtani et al., 2013, Rozhkov et al., 2013, Silva-Sousa and Casacuberta, 2013, Vagin et al., 2013, Wesolowska et al., 2013, Anand and Kai, 2012, Kofler et al., 2012, Olivieri et al., 2012, Sienski et al., 2012, Sreesankar et al., 2012, Takács et al., 2012, Tan et al., 2012, Debaryshe and Pardue, 2011, Handler et al., 2011, Klenov et al., 2011, Pane et al., 2011, Pardue and Debaryshe, 2011, Shpiz et al., 2011, Wang and Elgin, 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Fuller et al., 2010, Gao et al., 2010, George et al., 2010, Gou et al., 2010, Khurana et al., 2010, Rozhkov et al., 2010, Traverse et al., 2010, Deloger et al., 2009, Li et al., 2009, Lim et al., 2009, Phalke et al., 2009, Shpiz et al., 2009, Frydrychova et al., 2008, Frydrychova et al., 2008, Kalmykova et al., 2008, Kawamura et al., 2008, Kern and Begum, 2008, Shpiz et al., 2008, Brennecke et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2007, Frydrychova et al., 2007, Gunawardane et al., 2007, Horwich et al., 2007, Klattenhoff et al., 2007, Klenov et al., 2007, Lim and Kai, 2007, Shpiz et al., 2007, Torok et al., 2007, Villasante et al., 2007, Yin and Lin, 2007, Zaratiegui, 2007, George et al., 2006, Maxwell et al., 2006, Oikemus et al., 2006, Vagin et al., 2006, Bi et al., 2005, Raffa et al., 2005, Vagin et al., 2004, Cenci et al., 2003, Mason et al., 2003, Nardon et al., 2003, Savitsky et al., 2002)
HeT-A element
HeT-Amel
(Traverse et al., 2010, Casacuberta et al., 2007)
HeT-Amel
(Casacuberta and Pardue, 2003)
HeTA
(Dufourt et al., 2014, Czech et al., 2013, Darricarrère et al., 2013)
Het
Het-A
(Jedlička et al., 2023, Nguyen et al., 2023, Benoit et al., 2022, Zinshteyn and Barbash, 2022, Gonzalez et al., 2021, Huang et al., 2021, Cavaliere et al., 2020, Meyer-Nava et al., 2020, Penke et al., 2018, Théron et al., 2018, Fanti et al., 2017, Jiang et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2016, Fu et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Huang et al., 2014, Dönertas et al., 2013, Ohtani et al., 2013, Preall et al., 2012, Patil and Kai, 2010, Klattenhoff et al., 2009, Navarro et al., 2009, Doheny et al., 2008, Ghildiyal et al., 2008, Chen et al., 2007, Pane et al., 2007, Pane et al., 2007, Bergman et al., 2006, Saito et al., 2006, Gvozdev et al., 2005, Fedic et al., 2004, Purdy and Su, 2004, Kapitonov and Jurka, 2003, Bartolome et al., 2002, Leonardo and Nuzhdin, 2002, Bestor, 1999, Dimitri and Junakovic, 1999, Georgiev et al., 1999, Miller et al., 1999, Siriaco et al., 1999, Abdulla, 1997, Capy et al., 1997, Anonymous, 1994)
Het-A1
(Shaposhnikov et al., 2022)
HetA
(Lepesant et al., 2020, Ninova et al., 2020, Chen et al., 2016, Peng et al., 2016, Ott et al., 2014, Patil et al., 2014, Darricarrère et al., 2013, Thomae et al., 2013, Wesolowska et al., 2013, Liu et al., 2011, Patil and Kai, 2010, Lipardi and Paterson, 2009, Malone et al., 2009, Brennecke et al., 2008, Leonardo and Nuzhdin, 2003)
T-element
(Petrov, 1992.10.16, Petrov, 1992.10.16)
Telo3R
het-A
(Mirkovic-Hösle and Förstemann, 2014)
hetA
(Ku et al., 2016)
telomeric HeT-A element
(Klenov et al., 2007)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
  • FBgn0010279
  • FBgn0004457
  • FBgn0004141
  • FBtp0011436
References (315)